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Human evaluation of generated language through pairwise preference judgments is pervasive. However, under common scenarios, such as when generations from a model pair are very similar, or when stochastic decoding results in large variations…
As quantum processors grow, new performance benchmarks are required to capture the full quality of the devices at scale. While quantum volume is an excellent benchmark, it focuses on the highest quality subset of the device and so is unable…
The optimization of large experiments in fundamental science, such as detectors for subnuclear physics at particle colliders, shares with the optimization of complex systems for industrial or societal applications the common issue of…
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an excellent diffuse reflector widely used in light collection systems for particle physics experiments. However, the reflectance of PTFE is a function of its thickness. In this work, we investigate this…
Context: Mining software repositories is a popular means to gain insights into a software project's evolution, monitor project health, support decisions and derive best practices. Tools supporting the mining process are commonly applied by…
We investigate the calibration of large language models' (LLMs') confidence across diverse tasks. The results of our preregistered study show that the current crop of LLMs are, like people, too sure they are right: confidence exceeds…
Compact interferometers, called phasemeters, make it possible to operate over a large range while ensuring a high resolution. Such performance is required for the stabilization of large instruments dedicated to experimental physics such as…
Test-time scaling is a powerful strategy for boosting the performance of large language models on complex reasoning tasks. While state-of-the-art approaches often employ generative verifiers to select the best solution from a pool of…
An interferometric imaging technique has been proposed to instantly measure the diameter of individual spherical dust particles suspended in a gas discharge plasma. The technique is based on the defocused image analysis of both spherical…
To claim similarity of multiple dose-response curves in interlaboratory studies in regulatory toxicology is a relevant issue during the assay validation process. Here we demonstrated the use of dose-by-laboratory interaction contrasts,…
Laboratory (laser and Z-pinch) opacity measurements of well-characterized plasmas provide data to assist inertial confinement fusion, astrophysics and atomic-physics research. In order to test the atomic-physics codes devoted to the…
Matter-wave interferometry with solids is highly susceptible to minute fluctuations of environmental fields, including gravitational effects from distant sources. Hence, experiments require a degree of shielding that is extraordinarily…
Due to the complicated environment of the plasma sheath, it is difficult to experimentally measure plasma characteristics in the narrow geometry where sheaths from opposite boundaries overlap. Since such geometries are often found in…
Pleated membrane filters, which offer larger surface area to volume ratios than unpleated membrane filters, are used in a wide variety of applications. However, the performance of the pleated filter, as characterized by a flux-throughput…
Complex phenomena in engineering and the sciences are often modeled with computationally intensive feed-forward simulations for which a tractable analytic likelihood does not exist. In these cases, it is sometimes necessary to estimate an…
Boolean formulae compactly encode huge, constrained search spaces. Thus, variability-intensive systems are often encoded with Boolean formulae. The search space of a variability-intensive system is usually too large to explore without…
Large-scale retrieval systems are often implemented as a cascading sequence of phases -- a first filtering step, in which a large set of candidate documents are extracted using a simple technique such as Boolean matching and/or static…
Theoretical frameworks used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe nuclear dynamics in solids are often based on the harmonic approximation. However, this approximation is known to become inaccurate or to break down completely in many…
Multi-answer question answering (QA), where questions can have many valid answers, presents a significant challenge for existing retrieval-augmented generation-based QA systems, as these systems struggle to retrieve and then synthesize a…
We describe a method to determine whether a material has isomorphs in its thermodynamic phase diagram. Isomorphs are state points for which various properties are invariant in reduced units. Such materials are commonly identified from…