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Most clinical trials involve the comparison of a new treatment to a control arm (e.g., the standard of care) and the estimation of a treatment effect. External data, including historical clinical trial data and real-world observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-17 Tianjian Zhou , Yuan Ji

We develop a Bayesian "sum-of-trees" model where each tree is constrained by a regularization prior to be a weak learner, and fitting and inference are accomplished via an iterative Bayesian backfitting MCMC algorithm that generates samples…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-10-08 Hugh A. Chipman , Edward I. George , Robert E. McCulloch

We provide a new flexible framework for inference with the instrumental variable model. Rather than using linear specifications, functions characterizing the effects of instruments and other explanatory variables are estimated using machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-03 Robert E. McCulloch , Rodney A. Sparapani , Brent R. Logan , Purushottam W. Laud

Popular parametric and semiparametric hazards regression models for clustered survival data are inappropriate and inadequate when the unknown effects of different covariates and clustering are complex. This calls for a flexible modeling…

Applications · Statistics 2021-03-16 Piyali Basak , Antonio R. Linero , Debajyoti SInha , Stuart Lipsitz

Recent developments in causal inference allow us to transport a causal effect of a time-fixed treatment from a randomized trial to a target population across space but within the same time frame. In contrast to transportability across…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-11 Laura Forastiere , Fan Li , Michela Baccini

We incorporate heteroskedasticity into Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) by modeling the log of the error variance parameter as a linear function of prespecified covariates. Under this scheme, the Gibbs sampling procedure for the…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-24 Justin Bleich , Adam Kapelner

Structural failure time models are causal models for estimating the effect of time-varying treatments on a survival outcome. G-estimation and artificial censoring have been proposed to estimate the model parameters in the presence of…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-19 Shu Yang , Karen Pieper , Frank Cools

Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) (Chipman et. al., 2010) is a powerful predictive model that often outperforms alternative models at out-of-sample prediction. BART is especially well-suited to settings with unstructured predictor…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-15 Jingyu He , Saar Yalov , P. Richard Hahn

This paper introduces a generalized ps-BART model for the estimation of Average Treatment Effect (ATE) and Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) in continuous treatments, addressing limitations of the Bayesian Causal Forest (BCF)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-11 Hugo Gobato Souto , Francisco Louzada Neto

Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) is a powerful statistical model that leverages the strengths of Bayesian inference and regression trees. It has received significant attention for capturing complex non-linear relationships and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-01 Seokhun Park , Insung Kong , Yongdai Kim

An important task in survival analysis is choosing a structure for the relationship between covariates of interest and the time-to-event outcome. For example, the accelerated failure time (AFT) model structures each covariate effect as a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-08 Harrison T. Reeder , Kyu Ha Lee , Sebastien Haneuse

Additive regression trees are flexible non-parametric models and popular off-the-shelf tools for real-world non-linear regression. In application domains, such as bioinformatics, where there is also demand for probabilistic predictions with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-02-17 Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Daniel M. Roy , Yee Whye Teh

A typical problem in causal modeling is the instability of model structure learning, i.e., small changes in finite data can result in completely different optimal models. The present work introduces a novel causal modeling algorithm for…

Participant noncompliance, in which participants do not follow their assigned treatment protocol, often obscures the causal relationship between treatment and treatment effect in randomized trials. In the longitudinal setting, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-09 Ross L Peterson , David M Vock , Joseph S Koopmeiners

This article studies the estimation of the causal effect of a time-varying treatment on time-to-an-event or on some other continuously distributed outcome. The paper applies to the situation where treatment is repeatedly adapted to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-06-19 Judith J. Lok

Causal effect estimation aims at estimating the Average Treatment Effect as well as the Conditional Average Treatment Effect of a treatment to an outcome from the available data. This knowledge is important in many safety-critical domains,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-02 Niki Kiriakidou , Ioannis E. Livieris , Christos Diou

Causal inference for observational longitudinal studies often requires the accurate estimation of treatment effects on time-to-event outcomes in the presence of time-dependent patient history and time-dependent covariates. To tackle this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-17 Jie Zhu , Blanca Gallego

Evaluations often inform future program implementation decisions. However, the implementation context may differ, sometimes substantially, from the evaluation study context. This difference leads to uncertainty regarding the relevance of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-14 Irina Degtiar , Mariel Finucane

There has recently been a growing interest in the development of statistical methods to compare medical costs between treatment groups. When cumulative cost is the outcome of interest, right-censoring poses the challenge of informative…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-05-25 Andrew J. Spieker , Arman Oganisian , Emily M. Ko , Jason A. Roy , Nandita Mitra

Healthcare decision-making often requires selecting among treatment options under budget constraints, particularly when one option is more effective but also more costly. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) provides a framework for evaluating…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-29 Jonas Esser , Mateus Maia , Judith Bosmans , Johanna van Dongen