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Real-time analytics systems employ hybrid data layouts in which data are stored in different formats throughout their lifecycle. Recent data are stored in a row-oriented format to serve OLTP workloads and support high insert rates, while…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Hemant Saxena , Lukasz Golab , Stratos Idreos , Ihab F. Ilyas

Log-Structured Merge (LSM) Trees provide a tiered data storage and retrieval paradigm that is attractive for write-optimized data systems. Maintaining an efficient buffer in memory and deferring updates past their initial write-time, the…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Aron Szanto

In recent years, the Log Structured Merge (LSM) tree has been widely adopted by NoSQL and NewSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite its popularity, however, most existing work has focused on LSM-based key-value stores with…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

The Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM-tree) has been widely adopted for use in modern NoSQL systems for its superior write performance. Despite the popularity of LSM-trees, they have been criticized for suffering from write stalls and large…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

As a result of RAM becoming cheaper, there has been a trend in key-value store design towards maintaining a fast in-memory index (such as a hash table) while logging user operations to disk, allowing high performance under failure-free…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Maofan Yin , Hongbo Zhang , Robbert van Renesse , Emin Gün Sirer

The Log Structured Merge Trees (LSM-tree) based key-value stores are widely used in many storage systems to support a variety of operations such as updates, point reads, and range reads. Traditionally, LSM-tree's merge policy organizes data…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Fuheng Zhao , Zach Miller , Leron Reznikov , Divyakant Agrawal , Amr El Abbadi

Modern mainstream persistent key-value storage engines utilize Log-Structured Merge tree (LSM-tree) based designs, optimizing read/write performance by leveraging sequential disk I/O. However, the advent of SSDs, with their significant…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jin Jiang , Dongsheng He , Yu Hu , Dong Liu , Chenfan Xiao , Hongxiao Bi , Yusong Zhang , Chaoqu Jiang , Zhijun Fu

LSM-tree based key-value (KV) stores organize data in a multi-level structure for high-speed writes. Range queries on traditional LSM-trees must seek and sort-merge data from multiple table files on the fly, which is expensive and often…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Wenshao Zhong , Chen Chen , Xingbo Wu , Song Jiang

Zoned storage devices, such as zoned namespace (ZNS) solid-state drives (SSDs) and host-managed shingled magnetic recording (HM-SMR) hard-disk drives (HDDs), expose interfaces for host-level applications to support fine-grained,…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Jinhong Li , Qiuping Wang , Patrick P. C. Lee

Many applications require update-intensive workloads on spatial objects, e.g., social-network services and shared-riding services that track moving objects. By buffering insert and delete operations in memory, the Log Structured Merge Tree…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Jaewoo Shin , Jianguo Wang , Walid G. Aref

Database Management Systems and K/V-Stores operate on updatable datasets -- massively exceeding the size of available main memory. Tree-based K/V storage management structures became particularly popular in storage engines. B+ Trees allow…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Christian Riegger , Ilia Petrov

Modern databases typically makes use of the Log Structured Merge-Tree for organizing data in indexes, which is a kind of disk-based data structure. It was proposed to efficiently handle frequent update queries (also called update intensive…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Supriya Mishra

LSM-trees are widely adopted as the storage backend of key-value stores. However, optimizing the system performance under dynamic workloads has not been sufficiently studied or evaluated in previous work. To fill the gap, we present RusKey,…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Dingheng Mo , Fanchao Chen , Siqiang Luo , Caihua Shan

The growing volume of graph data may exhaust the main memory. It is crucial to design a disk-based graph storage system to ingest updates and analyze graphs efficiently. However, existing dynamic graph storage systems suffer from read or…

Memory tiering systems seek cost-effective memory scaling by adding multiple tiers of memory. For maximum performance, frequently accessed (hot) data must be placed close to the host in faster tiers and infrequently accessed (cold) data can…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Sujay Yadalam , Konstantinos Kanellis , Michael Swift , Shivaram Venkataraman

Multicopy search structures such as log-structured merge (LSM) trees are optimized for high insert/update/delete (collectively known as upsert) performance. In such data structures, an upsert on key $k$, which adds $(k,v)$ where $v$ can be…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Nisarg Patel , Siddharth Krishna , Dennis Shasha , Thomas Wies

Persistent key-value (KV) stores mostly build on the Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree for high write performance, yet the LSM-tree suffers from the inherently high I/O amplification. KV separation mitigates I/O amplification by storing only…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Yongkun Li , Helen H. W. Chan , Patrick P. C. Lee , Yinlong Xu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems face significant challenges in multi-hop question answering (MHQA), where complex queries require synthesizing information across multiple document chunks. Existing approaches typically rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Zhonghao Li , Kunpeng Zhang , Jinghuai Ou , Shuliang Liu , Xuming Hu

With the prevalence of online platforms, today, data is being generated and accessed by users at a very high rate. Besides, applications such as stock trading or high frequency trading require guaranteed low delays for performing an…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Sepanta Zeighami , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

We present LearnedKV, a novel tiered key-value store that seamlessly integrates a Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree with a Learned Index to achieve superior read and write performance on storage systems. While existing approaches use learned…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Wenlong Wang , David Hung-Chang Du
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