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Recently, the Log-Structured Merge-tree (LSM-tree) has been widely adopted for use in the storage layer of modern NoSQL systems. Because of this, there have been a large number of research efforts, from both the database community and the…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

Existing RAG benchmarks often overlook query difficulty, leading to inflated performance on simpler questions and unreliable evaluations. A robust benchmark dataset must satisfy three key criteria: quality, diversity, and difficulty, which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jeongsoo Lee , Daeyong Kwon , Kyohoon Jin , Junnyeong Jeong , Minwoo Sim , Minwoo Kim

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) gains wide popularity in building key-value (KV) stores. It employs logs to back up arriving KV pairs and maintains a few on-disk levels with exponentially increasing capacity limits, resembling a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Yanpeng Hu , Chundong Wang

LSM-tree has been widely used in cloud computing systems by Google, Facebook, and Amazon, to achieve high performance for write-intensive workloads. However, in LSM-tree, random key-value queries can experience long latency and low…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Lei Guo , Dejun Teng , Rubao Lee , Feng Chen , Siyuan Ma , Xiaodong Zhang

Key-value stores underpin a wide range of applications due to their simplicity and efficiency. Log-Structured Merge Trees (LSM-trees) dominate as their underlying structure, excelling at handling rapidly growing data. Recent research has…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Junfeng Liu , Haoxuan Xie , Siqiang Luo

In-memory ordered key-value stores are an important building block in modern distributed applications. We present Honeycomb, a hybrid software-hardware system for accelerating read-dominated workloads on ordered key-value stores that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Junyi Liu , Aleksandar Dragojevic , Shane Flemming , Antonios Katsarakis , Dario Korolija , Igor Zablotchi , Ho-cheung Ng , Anuj Kalia , Miguel Castro

The cloud infrastructure motivates disaggregation of monolithic data stores into components that are assembled together based on an application's workload. This study investigates disaggregation of an LSM-tree key-value store into…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Haoyu Huang , Shahram Ghandeharizadeh

Modern data-intensive applications increasingly store and process big-value items, such as multimedia objects and machine learning embeddings, which exacerbate storage inefficiencies in Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM)-based key-value…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ming Li , Wendi Cheng , Jiahe Wei , Xueqiang Shan , Weikai Liu , Xiaonan Zhao , Xiao Zhang

Data-intensive platforms such as Hadoop and Spark are routinely used to process massive amounts of data residing on distributed file systems like HDFS. Increasing memory sizes and new hardware technologies (e.g., NVRAM, SSDs) have recently…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Herodotos Herodotou , Elena Kakoulli

Multi-hop retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising strategy for complex reasoning, yet existing iterative prompting approaches remain inefficient. They often regenerate predictable token sequences at every step and rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jihwan Bang , Juntae Lee , Seunghan Yang , Sungha Choi

Modern key-value stores rely heavily on Log-Structured Merge (LSM) trees for write optimization, but this design introduces significant read amplification. Auxiliary structures like Bloom filters help, but impose memory costs that scale…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Nicholas Fidalgo , Puyuan Ye

LSM-tree is a widely adopted data structure in modern key-value store systems that optimizes write performance in write-heavy applications by using append writes to achieve sequential writes. However, the unpredictability of LSM-tree…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Yina Lv , Qiao Li , Quanqing Xu , Congming Gao , Chuanhui Yang , Xiaoli Wang , Chun Jason Xue

In the last decade, document store database systems have gained more traction for storing and querying large volumes of semi-structured data. However, the flexibility of the document stores' data models has limited their ability to store…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Wail Y. Alkowaileet , Michael J. Carey

We use machine learning to optimize LSM-tree structure, aiming to reduce the cost of processing various read/write operations. We introduce a new approach Camal, which boasts the following features: (1) ML-Aided: Camal is the first attempt…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Weiping Yu , Siqiang Luo , Zihao Yu , Gao Cong

Data-intensive applications fueled the evolution of log structured merge (LSM) based key-value engines that employ the out-of-place paradigm to support high ingestion rates with low read/write interference. These benefits, however, come at…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Subhadeep Sarkar , Tarikul Islam Papon , Dimitris Staratzis , Manos Athanassoulis

This study proposes a novel storage engine, SynchroStore, designed to address the inefficiency of update operations in columnar storage systems based on Log-Structured Merge Trees (LSM-Trees) under hybrid workload scenarios. While columnar…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yinan Zhang , Huiqi Hu , Xuan Zhou

Log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) based key-value stores are widely employed in large-scale storage systems. In the compaction of the key-value store, SSTables are merged with overlapping key ranges and sorted for data queries. This,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-12 Hui Sun , Wei Liu , Jianzhong Huang , Weisong Shi

Log-Structured Merge-trees (LSM-trees) have been widely used in modern NoSQL systems. Due to their out-of-place update design, LSM-trees have introduced memory walls among the memory components of multiple LSM-trees and between the write…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Chen Luo , Michael J. Carey

Indexing is an important step towards strong performance in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems. However, existing methods organize data based on either semantic similarity (similarity) or related information (relatedness), but do…

In cloud storage, the digital data is stored in logical storage pools, backed by heterogeneous physical storage media and computing infrastructure that are managed by a Cloud Service Provider (CSP). To balance the tradeoff between service…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-11-03 Yang Zhang , Arnob Ghosh , Vaneet Aggarwal , Tian Lan