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As large language models (LLMs) have advanced rapidly, concerns regarding their safety have become prominent. In this paper, we discover that code-switching in red-teaming queries can effectively elicit undesirable behaviors of LLMs, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Yongjin Yang , Hwaran Lee

In this work, we use language modeling to investigate the factors that influence insertional code-switching. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between one language variety (the primary language) and another (the secondary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Debasmita Bhattacharya , Marten van Schijndel

Linguistic Code Switching (CS) is a phenomenon that occurs when multilingual speakers alternate between two or more languages/dialects within a single conversation. Processing CS data is especially challenging in intra-sentential data given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Fahad AlGhamdi , Mona Diab

Language Identification (LID) is an important component of many multilingual natural language processing pipelines, where it facilitates corpus curation, training data analysis, and cross-lingual evaluation of large language models. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Clara Meister , Ahmetcan Yavuz , Pietro Lesci , Tiago Pimentel

Code-switching (CS), i.e. mixing different languages in a single sentence, is a common phenomenon in communication and can be challenging in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) settings. Previous studies on CS speech have shown promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Belen Alastruey , Matthias Sperber , Christian Gollan , Dominic Telaar , Tim Ng , Aashish Agarwal

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a vital computational method for addressing language processing, analysis, and generation. NLP tasks form the core of many daily applications, from automatic text correction to speech recognition. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Caroline Sabty

Language identification (LID) is a critical step in curating multilingual LLM pretraining corpora from web crawls. While many studies on LID model training focus on collecting diverse training data to improve performance, low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Negar Foroutan , Jakhongir Saydaliev , Ye Eun Kim , Antoine Bosselut

Automatic spoken language identification (LID) is a very important research field in the era of multilingual voice-command-based human-computer interaction (HCI). A front-end LID module helps to improve the performance of many speech-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Spandan Dey , Md Sahidullah , Goutam Saha

Code-Switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon in multilingual communities that consists of switching between languages while speaking. This paper presents our investigations on end-to-end speech recognition for Mandarin-English CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Chia-Yu Li , Ngoc Thang Vu

Spoken dialog systems need to be able to handle both multiple languages and multilinguality inside a conversation (\textit{e.g} in case of code-switching). In this work, we introduce new pretraining losses tailored to learn multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Emile Chapuis , Pierre Colombo , Matthieu Labeau , Chloe Clavel

Code-switching entails mixing multiple languages. It is an increasingly occurring phenomenon in social media texts. Usually, code-mixed texts are written in a single script, even though the languages involved have different scripts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Niraj Pahari , Kazutaka Shimada

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable multilingual capabilities despite the extreme language imbalance in the pre-training data. In this paper, we closely examine the reasons behind this phenomenon, focusing on the pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhijun Wang , Jiahuan Li , Hao Zhou , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xin Huang , Xue Han , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng , Shujian Huang

Multilingual language models have shown decent performance in multilingual and cross-lingual natural language understanding tasks. However, the power of these multilingual models in code-switching tasks has not been fully explored. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zihan Liu , Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

Large language models (LLMs) have exerted a considerable impact on diverse language-related tasks in recent years. Their demonstrated state-of-the-art performance is achieved through methodologies such as zero-shot or few-shot prompting.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Arshad Kaji , Manan Shah

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

Large language models (LLMs) now exhibit near human-level performance in various tasks, but their performance drops drastically after a handful of high-resource languages due to the imbalance in pre-training data. Inspired by the human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Cheonbok Park , Sangdoo Yun , Alice Oh , Hwaran Lee

To enhance the reliability and robustness of language identification (LID) and language diarization (LD) systems for heterogeneous populations and scenarios, there is a need for speech processing models to be trained on datasets that…

Code-switching (CS) detection refers to the automatic detection of language switches in code-mixed utterances. This task can be achieved by using a CS automatic speech recognition (ASR) system that can handle such language switches. In our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Qinyi Wang , Emre Yılmaz , Adem Derinel , Haizhou Li

Language development experts need tools that can automatically identify languages from fluent, conversational speech, and provide reliable estimates of usage rates at the level of an individual recording. However, language identification…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-31 Suzy J. Styles , Victoria Y. H. Chua , Fei Ting Woon , Hexin Liu , Leibny Paola Garcia Perera , Sanjeev Khudanpur , Andy W. H. Khong , Justin Dauwels

Code-switching (CS) is still a critical challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP), due to the limited availability of large-scale, diverse CS datasets for robust training and evaluation. Despite recent advances, the capabilities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Maite Heredia , Gorka Labaka , Jeremy Barnes , Aitor Soroa