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Language identification (LID) has relevance in many speech processing applications. For the automatic recognition of code-switching speech, the conventional approaches often employ an LID system for detecting the languages present within an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Sreeram Ganji , Kunal Dhawan , Kumar Priyadarshi , Rohit Sinha

Code-switching (CSW) is the act of alternating between two or more languages within a single discourse. This phenomenon is widespread in multilingual communities, and increasingly prevalent in online content, where users naturally mix…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Amr Mohamed , Yang Zhang , Michalis Vazirgiannis , Guokan Shang

An increasing number of people in the world today speak a mixed-language as a result of being multilingual. However, building a speech recognition system for code-switching remains difficult due to the availability of limited resources and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zhaojiang Lin , Zihan Liu , Peng Xu , Pascale Fung

While large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong multilingual abilities, their reliance on English as latent representations creates a translation barrier, where reasoning implicitly depends on internal translation into English. When this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Haneul Yoo , Jiho Jin , Kyunghyun Cho , Alice Oh

The theoretical code-switching (CS) literature provides numerous pointwise investigations that aim to explain patterns in CS, i.e. why bilinguals switch language in certain positions in a sentence more often than in others. A resulting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Igor Sterner , Simone Teufel

Language identification (LID) is a fundamental step in curating multilingual corpora. However, LID models still perform poorly for many languages, especially on the noisy and heterogeneous web data often used to train multilingual language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pedro Ortiz Suarez , Laurie Burchell , Catherine Arnett , Rafael Mosquera-Gómez , Sara Hincapie-Monsalve , Thom Vaughan , Damian Stewart , Malte Ostendorff , Idris Abdulmumin , Vukosi Marivate , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad , Atnafu Lambebo Tonja , Hend Al-Khalifa , Nadia Ghezaiel Hammouda , Verrah Otiende , Tack Hwa Wong , Jakhongir Saydaliev , Melika Nobakhtian , Muhammad Ravi Shulthan Habibi , Chalamalasetti Kranti , Carol Muchemi , Khang Nguyen , Faisal Muhammad Adam , Luis Frentzen Salim , Reem Alqifari , Cynthia Amol , Joseph Marvin Imperial , Ilker Kesen , Ahmad Mustafid , Pavel Stepachev , Leshem Choshen , David Anugraha , Hamada Nayel , Seid Muhie Yimam , Vallerie Alexandra Putra , My Chiffon Nguyen , Azmine Toushik Wasi , Gouthami Vadithya , Rob van der Goot , Lanwenn ar C'horr , Karan Dua , Andrew Yates , Mithil Bangera , Yeshil Bangera , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Shu Okabe , Fenal Ashokbhai Ilasariya , Dmitry Gaynullin , Genta Indra Winata , Yiyuan Li , Juan Pablo Martínez , Amit Agarwal , Ikhlasul Akmal Hanif , Raia Abu Ahmad , Esther Adenuga , Filbert Aurelian Tjiaranata , Weerayut Buaphet , Michael Anugraha , Sowmya Vajjala , Benjamin Rice , Azril Hafizi Amirudin , Jesujoba O. Alabi , Srikant Panda , Yassine Toughrai , Bruhan Kyomuhendo , Daniel Ruffinelli , Akshata A , Manuel Goulão , Ej Zhou , Ingrid Gabriela Franco Ramirez , Cristina Aggazzotti , Konstantin Dobler , Jun Kevin , Quentin Pagès , Nicholas Andrews , Nuhu Ibrahim , Mattes Ruckdeschel , Amr Keleg , Mike Zhang , Casper Muziri , Saron Samuel , Sotaro Takeshita , Kun Kerdthaisong , Luca Foppiano , Rasul Dent , Tommaso Green , Ahmad Mustapha Wali , Kamohelo Makaaka , Vicky Feliren , Inshirah Idris , Hande Celikkanat , Abdulhamid Abubakar , Jean Maillard , Benoît Sagot , Thibault Clérice , Kenton Murray , Sarah Luger

Code-switching is a data augmentation scheme mixing words from multiple languages into source lingual text. It has achieved considerable generalization performance of cross-lingual transfer tasks by aligning cross-lingual contextual word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhuoran Li , Chunming Hu , Junfan Chen , Zhijun Chen , Xiaohui Guo , Richong Zhang

Code-Switching (CS) is a common phenomenon observed in several bilingual and multilingual communities, thereby attaining prevalence in digital and social media platforms. This increasing prominence demands the need to model CS languages for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Alan W Black

Linguistic Code-switching (CS) is still an understudied phenomenon in natural language processing. The NLP community has mostly focused on monolingual and multi-lingual scenarios, but little attention has been given to CS in particular.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Gustavo Aguilar , Thamar Solorio

This paper addresses challenges of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on non-canonical multilingual data in which two or more languages are mixed. It refers to code-switching which has become more popular in our daily life and therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-10 Özlem Çetinoğlu , Sarah Schulz , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-Switching, a common phenomenon in written text and conversation, has been studied over decades by the natural language processing (NLP) research community. Initially, code-switching is intensively explored by leveraging linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Genta Indra Winata , Alham Fikri Aji , Zheng-Xin Yong , Thamar Solorio

Multilingual speakers tend to alternate between languages within a conversation, a phenomenon referred to as "code-switching" (CS). CS is a complex phenomenon that not only encompasses linguistic challenges, but also contains a great deal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Injy Hamed , Alia El Bolock , Nader Rizk , Cornelia Herbert , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-switching is a commonly observed communicative phenomenon denoting a shift from one language to another within the same speech exchange. The analysis of code-switched data often becomes an assiduous task, owing to the limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Tanvi Dadu , Kartikey Pant

In recent years, end-to-end speech recognition has emerged as a technology that integrates the acoustic, pronunciation dictionary, and language model components of the traditional Automatic Speech Recognition model. It is possible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Tzu-Ting Yang , Hsin-Wei Wang , Berlin Chen

Lately, the problem of code-switching has gained a lot of attention and has emerged as an active area of research. In bilingual communities, the speakers commonly embed the words and phrases of a non-native language into the syntax of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Ganji Sreeram , Rohit Sinha

Recent large language models (LLMs) demonstrate multilingual abilities, yet they are English-centric due to dominance of English in training corpora. The limited resource for low-resource languages remains a crucial challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Seoyeon Kim , Huiseo Kim , Chanjun Park , Jinyoung Yeo , Dongha Lee

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among multilingual speakers, where alternation between two or more languages occurs within the context of a single conversation. While multilingual humans can seamlessly switch back and forth between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Thamme Gowda , Mozhdeh Gheini , Jonathan May

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

Code-switching is the use of more than one language in the same conversation or utterance. Recently, multilingual contextual embedding models, trained on multiple monolingual corpora, have shown promising results on cross-lingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Simran Khanuja , Sandipan Dandapat , Anirudh Srinivasan , Sunayana Sitaram , Monojit Choudhury

Code-switching (CS) refers to the phenomenon that languages switch within a speech signal and leads to language confusion for automatic speech recognition (ASR). This paper aims to address language confusion for improving CS-ASR from two…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-27 Hexin Liu , Haihua Xu , Leibny Paola Garcia , Andy W. H. Khong , Yi He , Sanjeev Khudanpur