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Positive Operator Value Measures (POVMs) are the most general class of quantum measurements. We propose a setup in which all possible POVMs of a single photon polarization state (corresponding to all possible sets of two-dimensional Kraus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 S. E. Ahnert , M. C. Payne

A quantum measurement can be described by a set of matrices, one for each possible outcome, which represents the positive operator-valued measure (POVM) of the sensor. Efficient protocols of POVM extraction for arbitrary sensors are…

Advances in quantum technology require scalable techniques to efficiently extract information from a quantum system, such as expectation values of observables or its entropy. Traditional tomography is limited to a handful of qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-29 H. Chau Nguyen , Jan Lennart Bönsel , Jonathan Steinberg , Otfried Gühne

The prime focus of this paper is the study of optimal duals of a given finite frame as well as optimal dual pairs, in the context of probability modelled erasures of frame coefficients. We characterize optimal dual frames (and dual pairs)…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-04 S. Arati , P. Devaraj , Shankhadeep Mondal

Efficiently learning expectation values of a quantum state using classical shadow tomography has become a fundamental task in quantum information theory. In a classical shadows protocol, one measures a state in a chosen basis W after it has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Maxwell West , Antonio Anna Mele , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo

How well can multiple incompatible observables be implemented by a single measurement? This is a fundamental problem in quantum mechanics with wide implications for the performance optimization of numerous tasks in quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Hongzhen Chen , Lingna Wang , Haidong Yuan

Spectral decomposition of linear operators plays a central role in many areas of machine learning and scientific computing. Recent work has explored training neural networks to approximate eigenfunctions of such operators, enabling scalable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 J. Jon Ryu , Samuel Zhou , Gregory W. Wornell

Given copies of a quantum state $\rho$, a shadow tomography protocol aims to learn all expectation values from a fixed set of observables, to within a given precision $\epsilon$. We say that a shadow tomography protocol is triply efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-28 Robbie King , David Gosset , Robin Kothari , Ryan Babbush

An optimal estimator of quantum states based on a modified Kalman Filter is presented in this work. Such estimator acts after state measurement, allowing to obtain an optimal estimation of quantum state resulting in the output of any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-20 Mario Mastriani

A broad class of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms known as "variational algorithms" have been proposed in the context of quantum simulation, machine learning, and combinatorial optimization as a means of potentially achieving a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-09 Aram Harrow , John Napp

Data imputation is a critical step in data pre-processing, particularly for datasets with missing or unreliable values. This study introduces a novel quantum-inspired imputation framework evaluated on the UCI Diabetes dataset, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Badshah Mukherjee , Christopher Ferrie

We consider the optimization of an uncertain objective over continuous and multi-dimensional decision spaces in problems in which we are only provided with observational data. We propose a novel algorithmic framework that is tractable,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Dimitris Bertsimas , Christopher McCord

As the connection between classical and quantum worlds, quantum measurements play a unique role in the era of quantum information processing. Given an arbitrary function of quantum measurements, how to obtain its optimal value is often…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-16 Jing Luo , Jiangwei Shang

We devise a classical algorithm which efficiently computes the quantum expectation values arising in a class of continuous variable quantum circuits wherein the final quantum observable | after the Heisenberg evolution associated with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-22 Agung Budiyono , Hermawan K. Dipojono

Efficiently learning expectation values of unknown quantum states via classical shadows has become an important primitive in both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum computation. Typically, classical shadow protocols involve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Rebecca Chang , Maureen Krumtünger , Martin Larocca , Maxwell West

A formalism for quantum error correction based on operator algebras was introduced in [1] via consideration of the Heisenberg picture for quantum dynamics. The resulting theory allows for the correction of hybrid quantum-classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Cedric Beny , Achim Kempf , David W. Kribs

The development of new techniques to improve measurements is crucial for all sciences. By employing quantum systems as sensors to probe some physical property of interest allows the application of quantum resources, such as coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-15 G. H. Aguilar , M. A. de Souza , R. M. Gomes , J. Thompson , M. Gu , L. C. Céleri , S. P. Walborn

Suppose we are interested in the mean of an outcome variable missing not at random. Suppose however that one has available a fully observed shadow variable, which is associated with the outcome but independent of the missingness process…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-01-26 Wang Miao , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Estimating the expectation value of an operator corresponding to an observable is a fundamental task in quantum computation. It is often impossible to obtain such estimates directly, as the computer is restricted to measuring in a fixed…

Shadow estimation is an efficient method for predicting many observables of a quantum state with a statistical guarantee. In the multi-shot scenario, one performs projective measurement on the sequentially prepared state for $K$ times after…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-05 You Zhou , Qing Liu
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