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Related papers: $\ell$-Proca stars

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Vector boson stars, also known as Proca stars, exhibit remarkable dynamical robustness, making them strong candidates for potential astrophysical exotic compact objects. In search of theoretically well-motivated Proca star models, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-05 Claudio Lazarte , Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , José A. Font , Miguel Alcubierre

We perform numerical evolutions of the fully non-linear Einstein-(complex, massive)Klein-Gordon and Einstein-(complex)Proca systems, to assess the formation and stability of spinning bosonic stars. In the scalar/vector case these are known…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-12-04 N. Sanchis-Gual , F. Di Giovanni , M. Zilhão , C. Herdeiro , P. Cerdá-Durán , J. A. Font , E. Radu

We construct new families of everywhere regular, asymptotically flat solitons in the Einstein--Proca model, obtained as self-gravitating continuations of flat-spacetime (singular) Proca multipoles. First we consider static and axially…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-15 Carlos Herdeiro , Eugen Radu , Etevaldo dos Santos Costa Filho , Nicolas Sanchis-Gual

Vector boson stars, or $\textit{Proca stars}$, have been recently obtained as fully non-linear numerical solutions of the Einstein-(complex)-Proca system. These are self-gravitating, everywhere non-singular, horizonless Bose-Einstein…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-05-31 Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , Carlos Herdeiro , Eugen Radu , Juan Carlos Degollado , José A. Font

We present new, fully nonlinear numerical solutions to the static, spherically symmetric Einstein-Klein-Gordon system for a collection of an arbitrary odd number $N$ of complex scalar fields with an internal $U(N)$ symmetry and no…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-08-28 Miguel Alcubierre , Juan Barranco , Argelia Bernal , Juan Carlos Degollado , Alberto Diez-Tejedor , Miguel Megevand , Dario Nunez , Olivier Sarbach

We establish that massive complex Abelian vector fields (mass $\mu$) can form gravitating solitons, when minimally coupled to Einstein's gravity. Such Proca stars (PSs) have a stationary, everywhere regular and asymptotically flat geometry.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-15 Richard Brito , Vitor Cardoso , Carlos A. R. Herdeiro , Eugen Radu

Scalar bosonic stars (BSs) stand out as a multi-purpose model of exotic compact objects. We enlarge the landscape of such (asymptotically flat, stationary, everywhere regular) objects by considering multiple fields (possibly) with different…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-23 Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , Fabrizio Di Giovanni , Carlos Herdeiro , Eugen Radu , José A. Font

A new class of complex scalar field objects, which generalize the well known boson stars, was recently found as solutions to the Einstein-Klein-Gordon system. The generalization consists in incorporating some of the effects of angular…

The generalized SU(2) Proca theory is a vector-tensor modified gravity theory where the action is invariant under both diffeomorphisms and global internal transformations of the SU(2) group. This work constitutes the first approach to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-13 Jhan N. Martinez , Jose F. Rodriguez , Yeinzon Rodriguez , Gabriel Gomez

We consider self-gravitating stationary configurations of a charged massive complex Proca field, also known as charged Proca stars, in the particular case of spherical symmetry. We first present a general 3+1 decomposition of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-11 Yahir Mio , Miguel Alcubierre

We study Proca stars in a vector-tensor gravity model inspired by Horndeski's generalized Einstein-Maxwell field equations, supplemented with a mass term for the vector field. We discuss the effects of the non-minimal coupling term on the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-03-09 Y. Brihaye , B. Hartmann , B. Kleihaus , J. Kunz

We review particle-like configurations of complex scalar field, localized by gravity, so-called boson stars. In the simplest case, these solutions posses spherical symmetry, they may arise in the massive Einstein-Klein-Gordon theory with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-14 Yakov Shnir

We perform fully non-linear numerical simulations within the spherically symmetric Einstein-(complex)Proca system. Starting with Proca field distributions that obey the Hamiltonian, momentum and Gaussian constraints, we show that the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-06-18 Fabrizio Di Giovanni , Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , Carlos A. R. Herdeiro , José A. Font

The generalized SU(2) Proca theory is a vector-tensor modified gravity theory characterized by an action that remains invariant under both diffeomorphisms and global internal transformations of the SU(2) group. This study aims to further…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-27 Jhan N. Martinez , Jose F. Rodriguez , Laura M. Becerra , Yeinzon Rodriguez , Gabriel Gomez

We consider a model consists of the Einstein gravity in four-dimensional spacetime, a Proca field and two Dirac fields through minimum coupling. By numerically solving this model, we obtain two types of solutions: synchronized frequency…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-22 Tian-Xiang Ma , Chen Liang , Ji-Rong Ren , Yong-Qiang Wang

Bosonic stars,hypothetical astrophysical entities, are generally categorized into two primary classes based on the nature of their constituent particles: Einstein Klein Gordon stars, made up of massive scalar bosons, and Proca stars, their…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-24 Jorge Castelo Mourelle , Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , José A. Font

Bosonic stars represent a hypothetical exotic type of compact stellar objects that could be observed from the gravitational signal of coalescing binaries in current and future gravitational wave detectors. There are two main families of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-05 Christoph Adam , Jorge Castelo Mourelle , Etevaldo dos Santos Costa Filho , Carlos A. R. Herdeiro , Andrzej Wereszczynski

Massive vector fields can form spatially localized, non-relativistic, stationary field configurations supported by gravitational interactions. The ground state configurations (p-solitons/vector solitons/dark photon stars/polarized Proca…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-11 Zipeng Wang , Thomas Helfer , Mustafa A. Amin

Multi-frequency Proca stars are excited equilibrium configurations of a selfgravitating massive vector field that coexist with conventional stationary states in the solution space of the $s=1$ Schr\"odinger-Poisson system. In this paper, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-09 Galo Diaz-Andrade , Alberto Diez-Tejedor , Jose Luis Medina-Garcia , Armando A. Roque

$\ell$-boson stars are static, spherical, multi-field self-gravitating solitons. They are asymptotically flat, finite energy solutions of Einstein's gravity minimally coupled to an odd number of massive, complex scalar fields. A previous…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-07-01 Víctor Jaramillo , Nicolas Sanchis-Gual , Juan Barranco , Argelia Bernal , Juan Carlos Degollado , Carlos Herdeiro , Darío Núñez
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