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We study allowing large language models (LLMs) to process arbitrarily long prompts through the lens of inference-time scaling. We propose Recursive Language Models (RLMs), a general inference paradigm that treats long prompts as part of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alex L. Zhang , Tim Kraska , Omar Khattab

This tutorial explores the advancements and challenges in the development of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Gemini. It addresses inherent limitations like temporal knowledge cutoffs, mathematical inaccuracies, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Giorgio Roffo

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in chatbots, code generators, and search engines. Workload such as chain-of-throught, complex reasoning, agent services significantly increase the inference cost by invoke the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sihyeong Park , Sungryeol Jeon , Chaelyn Lee , Seokhun Jeon , Byung-Soo Kim , Jemin Lee

Since the launch of ChatGPT, a powerful AI Chatbot developed by OpenAI, large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements in both academia and industry, bringing about a fundamental engineering paradigm shift in many areas.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Xiaoxia Liu , Jingyi Wang , Jun Sun , Xiaohan Yuan , Guoliang Dong , Peng Di , Wenhai Wang , Dongxia Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their remarkable capabilities, are prone to generating hallucinated or outdated content due to their static internal knowledge. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) integrated with Reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhiwen Tan , Jiaming Huang , Qintong Wu , Hongxuan Zhang , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) as rerankers in multi-stage retrieval systems has gained significant traction in academia and industry. These models refine a candidate list of retrieved documents, often through carefully…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Sahel Sharifymoghaddam , Ronak Pradeep , Andre Slavescu , Ryan Nguyen , Andrew Xu , Zijian Chen , Yilin Zhang , Yidi Chen , Jasper Xian , Jimmy Lin

Long-horizon tasks requiring multi-step reasoning and dynamic re-planning remain challenging for large language models (LLMs). Sequential prompting methods are prone to context drift, loss of goal information, and recurrent failure cycles,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Zhenyu Zhang , Tianyi Chen , Weiran Xu , Alex Pentland , Jiaxin Pei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in utilizing tools, but their ability is limited by API availability and the instability of implicit reasoning, particularly when both planning and execution are involved. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Cheng Qian , Chi Han , Yi R. Fung , Yujia Qin , Zhiyuan Liu , Heng Ji

Reward models (RMs) have become essential for aligning large language models (LLMs), serving as scalable proxies for human evaluation in both training and inference. However, existing RMs struggle on knowledge-intensive and long-form tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Ziyou Hu , Zhengliang Shi , Minghang Zhu , Haitao Li , Teng Sun , Pengjie Ren , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

Conversational agents powered by large language models (LLMs) with tool integration achieve strong performance on fixed task-oriented dialogue datasets but remain vulnerable to unanticipated, user-induced errors. Rather than focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Takyoung Kim , Jinseok Nam , Chandrayee Basu , Xing Fan , Chengyuan Ma , Heng Ji , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

Large Language Models (LLM) have been widely used in reranking. Computational overhead and large context lengths remain a challenging issue for LLM rerankers. Efficient reranking usually involves selecting a subset of the ranked list from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Nilanjan Sinhababu , Soumedhik Bharati , Debasis Ganguly , Pabitra Mitra

Large language models (LLMs) excel at natural language tasks but are limited by their static parametric knowledge, especially in knowledge-intensive task. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates this by integrating external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yi Jiang , Lei Shen , Lujie Niu , Sendong Zhao , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Recent studies have proposed leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) as information retrievers through query rewriting. However, for challenging corpora, we argue that enhancing queries alone is insufficient for robust semantic matching;…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jingming Liu , Yumeng Li , Wei Shi , Yao-Xiang Ding , Hui Su , Kun Zhou

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

Tool learning can further broaden the usage scenarios of large language models (LLMs). However most of the existing methods either need to finetune that the model can only use tools seen in the training data, or add tool demonstrations into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Mengsong Wu , Tong Zhu , Han Han , Xiang Zhang , Wenbiao Shao , Wenliang Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into diverse applications. The rapid evolution of LLMs presents opportunities for developers to enhance applications continuously. However, this constant adaptation can also lead to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Tanay Dixit , Daniel Lee , Sally Fang , Sai Sree Harsha , Anirudh Sureshan , Akash Maharaj , Yunyao Li

Large language models (LLMs) can face factual limitations when responding to time-sensitive queries about recent events that arise after their knowledge thresholds in the training corpus. Existing search-augmented approaches fall into two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wentao Shi , Yiqing Shen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in machine translation (MT), even without specific training on the languages in question. However, translating rare words in low-resource or domain-specific contexts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Shangfeng Chen , Xiayang Shi , Pu Li , Yinlin Li , Jingjing Liu

This paper deals with improving querying large language models (LLMs). It is well-known that without relevant contextual information, LLMs can provide poor quality responses or tend to hallucinate. Several initiatives have proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Nripesh Niketan , Hadj Batatia

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in tackling a broad range of tasks. However, existing methods are mainly restricted to specifically designed tools and fail to fulfill complex instructions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Yifan Song , Weimin Xiong , Dawei Zhu , Wenhao Wu , Han Qian , Mingbo Song , Hailiang Huang , Cheng Li , Ke Wang , Rong Yao , Ye Tian , Sujian Li
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