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Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) allows to update pre-trained models to changing data distributions at deployment time. While early work tested these algorithms for individual fixed distribution shifts, recent work proposed and applied methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Ori Press , Steffen Schneider , Matthias Kümmerer , Matthias Bethge

Despite progress in end-to-end ASR, real-world domain mismatches still cause performance drops, which Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate by adjusting models during inference. Recent work explores combining TTA with external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Wei-Ping Huang , Guan-Ting Lin , Hung-yi Lee

In this paper, we propose energy-based sample adaptation at test time for domain generalization. Where previous works adapt their models to target domains, we adapt the unseen target samples to source-trained models. To this end, we design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Zehao Xiao , Xiantong Zhen , Shengcai Liao , Cees G. M. Snoek

Real-world deployment often exposes models to distribution shifts, making test-time adaptation (TTA) critical for robustness. Yet most TTA methods are unfriendly to edge deployment, as they rely on backpropagation, activation buffering, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xinyu Luo , Jie Liu , Kecheng Chen , Junyi Yang , Bo Ding , Arindam Basu , Haoliang Li

This paper addresses the problem of incremental domain adaptation (IDA) in natural language processing (NLP). We assume each domain comes one after another, and that we could only access data in the current domain. The goal of IDA is to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Nabiha Asghar , Lili Mou , Kira A. Selby , Kevin D. Pantasdo , Pascal Poupart , Xin Jiang

Deep learning models perform poorly when domain shifts exist between training and test data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a paradigm to mitigate this issue by adapting pre-trained models using only unlabeled test samples. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Junsu Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Deep learning models often struggle under natural distribution shifts, a common challenge in real-world deployments. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during inference without labeled source data. We present the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 John Turnbull , Shivam Grover , Amin Jalali , Ali Etemad

The practical utility of Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) systems is undermined by their fragility to domain shifts, such as speaker variability, the distinction between acted and naturalistic emotions, and cross-corpus variations. While…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Jiaheng Dong , Hong Jia , Ting Dang

This paper investigates test-time adaptation (TTA) for regression, where a regression model pre-trained in a source domain is adapted to an unknown target distribution with unlabeled target data. Although regression is one of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Kazuki Adachi , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Atsutoshi Kumagai , Tomoki Hamagami

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) enables pre-trained models to adapt to continuously evolving domains. Existing methods have improved robustness but typically rely on fixed or batch-level thresholds, which cannot account for varying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Seunghwan Lee , Inyoung Jung , Hojoon Lee , Eunil Park , Sungeun Hong

Machine learning methods strive to acquire a robust model during the training process that can effectively generalize to test samples, even in the presence of distribution shifts. However, these methods often suffer from performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Jian Liang , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Continual test-time domain adaptation (CTTA) aims to adjust pre-trained source models to perform well over time across non-stationary target environments. While previous methods have made considerable efforts to optimize the adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Yanshuo Wang , Xuesong Li , Jinguang Tong , Jie Hong , Jun Lan , Weiqiang Wang , Huijia Zhu , Haoxing Chen

Online Test-Time Adaptation (OTTA) has emerged as an effective strategy to handle distributional shifts, allowing on-the-fly adaptation of pre-trained models to new target domains during inference, without the need for source data. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 WeiQin Chuah , Ruwan Tennakoon , Alireza Bab-Hadiashar

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing the generalizability of models. However, existing mainstream TTA methods, predominantly operating at batch level, often exhibit suboptimal performance in complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Teng Xiao , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

In recent advancements in Test Time Adaptation (TTA), most existing methodologies focus on updating normalization layers to adapt to the test domain. However, the reliance on normalization-based adaptation presents key challenges. First,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hyeongyu Kim , Geonhui Han , Dosik Hwang

The goal of test-time adaptation is to adapt a source-pretrained model to a continuously changing target domain without relying on any source data. Typically, this is either done by updating the parameters of the model (model adaptation)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Mrigank Raman , Rohan Shah , Akash Kannan , Pranit Chawla

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims at adapting a model pre-trained on the labeled source domain to the unlabeled target domain. Existing methods usually focus on improving TTA performance under covariate shifts, while neglecting semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Zhengqing Gao , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Deep networks that rely on prototypes-interpretable representations that can be related to the model input-have gained significant attention for balancing high accuracy with inherent interpretability, which makes them suitable for critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Mohammad Mahdi Abootorabi , Parvin Mousavi , Purang Abolmaesumi , Evan Shelhamer

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an effective approach to mitigate performance degradation of trained models when encountering input distribution shifts at test time. However, existing TTA methods often suffer significant performance drops…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Minguk Jang , Hye Won Chung

Machine learning algorithms have achieved remarkable success across various disciplines, use cases and applications, under the prevailing assumption that training and test samples are drawn from the same distribution. Consequently, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zehao Xiao , Cees G. M. Snoek
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