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Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is the problem of updating a pre-trained source model at inference time given test input(s) from a different target domain. Most existing TTA approaches assume the setting in which the target domain is stationary,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Dhanajit Brahma , Piyush Rai

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Test-time adaptation aims to adapt to realistic environments in an online manner by learning during test time. Entropy minimization has emerged as a principal strategy for test-time adaptation due to its efficiency and adaptability.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jisu Han , Jaemin Na , Wonjun Hwang

In this paper, our goal is to adapt a pre-trained convolutional neural network to domain shifts at test time. We do so continually with the incoming stream of test batches, without labels. The existing literature mostly operates on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tommie Kerssies , Mert Kılıçkaya , Joaquin Vanschoren

Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows a model to be adapted to an unseen domain without accessing the source data. Due to the nature of practical environments, TTA has a limited amount of data for adaptation. Recent TTA methods further restrict…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Younggeol Cho , Youngrae Kim , Junho Yoon , Seunghoon Hong , Dongman Lee

Real-world systems often encounter new data over time, which leads to experiencing target domain shifts. Existing Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods tend to apply computationally heavy and memory-intensive backpropagation-based approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yanshuo Wang , Ali Cheraghian , Zeeshan Hayder , Jie Hong , Sameera Ramasinghe , Shafin Rahman , David Ahmedt-Aristizabal , Xuesong Li , Lars Petersson , Mehrtash Harandi

Continual Test-time adaptation (CTTA) continuously adapts the deployed model on every incoming batch of data. While achieving optimal accuracy, existing CTTA approaches present poor real-world applicability on resource-constrained edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiao Ma , Young D. Kwon , Dong Ma

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique used to reduce distribution gaps between the training and testing sets by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. In this work, we expand TTA to a more practical scenario, where the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Chenyan Wu , Yimu Pan , Yandong Li , James Z. Wang

A model must adapt itself to generalize to new and different data during testing. In this setting of fully test-time adaptation the model has only the test data and its own parameters. We propose to adapt by test entropy minimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Dequan Wang , Evan Shelhamer , Shaoteng Liu , Bruno Olshausen , Trevor Darrell

We present Point-TTA, a novel test-time adaptation framework for point cloud registration (PCR) that improves the generalization and the performance of registration models. While learning-based approaches have achieved impressive progress,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Ahmed Hatem , Yiming Qian , Yang Wang

Encountering shifted data at test time is a ubiquitous challenge when deploying predictive models. Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods address this issue by continuously adapting a deployed model using only unlabeled test data. While TTA can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mona Schirmer , Metod Jazbec , Christian A. Naesseth , Eric Nalisnick

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a technique aimed at enhancing the generalization performance of models by leveraging unlabeled samples solely during prediction. Given the need for robustness in neural network systems when faced with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Yongcan Yu , Lijun Sheng , Ran He , Jian Liang

Continual test-time domain adaptation (CTTA) aims to adjust models so that they can perform well over time across non-stationary environments. While previous methods have made considerable efforts to optimize the adaptation process, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yanshuo Wang , Jinguang Tong , Jun Lan , Weiqiang Wang , Huijia Zhu , Haoxing Chen , Xuesong Li , Jie Hong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However, TTA faces challenges of adaptation failures due to its reliance on blind adaptation to unknown test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Since distribution shifts are likely to occur after a model's deployment and can drastically decrease the model's performance, online test-time adaptation (TTA) continues to update the model during test-time, leveraging the current test…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Mario Döbler , Florian Marencke , Robert A. Marsden , Bin Yang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) updates the model weights during the inference stage using testing data to enhance generalization. However, this practice exposes TTA to adversarial risks. Existing studies have shown that when TTA is updated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yongyi Su , Yushu Li , Nanqing Liu , Kui Jia , Xulei Yang , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Xun Xu

Deep neural networks have a clear degradation when applying to the unseen environment due to the covariate shift. Conventional approaches like domain adaptation requires the pre-collected target data for iterative training, which is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Fuming You , Jingjing Li , Zhou Zhao

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pretrained model to distribution shifts using only unlabeled test data. While promising, existing methods like Tent suffer from instability and can catastrophically forget the source knowledge,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

Recently, test-time adaptation (TTA) has been proposed as a promising solution for addressing distribution shifts. It allows a base model to adapt to an unforeseen distribution during inference by leveraging the information from the batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Tong Wu , Feiran Jia , Xiangyu Qi , Jiachen T. Wang , Vikash Sehwag , Saeed Mahloujifar , Prateek Mittal
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