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This paper proposes a relay satellite assisted low earth orbit (LEO) constellation non-orthogonal multiple access combined beamforming (R-NOMA-BF) communication system, where multiple antenna LEO satellites deliver information to ground…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-05 Xuyang Zhang , Xinwei Yue , Zhihao Han , Tian Li , Xia Shen , Yafei Wang , Rongke Liu

With the proliferated low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites in mega-constellations, the future Internet will be able to reach any place on Earth, providing high-quality services to everyone. However, high-quality operations in terms of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Peng Hu

Inter-satellite-link-enabled low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are evolving toward networked architectures that support constellation-level cooperation, enabling multiple satellites to jointly serve user terminals through…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-04 Yuchen Zhang , Eva Lagunas , Xue Xian Zheng , Symeon Chatzinotas , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

The number of satellites, especially those operating in low-earth orbit (LEO), is exploding in recent years. Additionally, the use of COTS hardware into those satellites enables a new paradigm of computing: orbital edge computing (OEC). OEC…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Changhao Wu , Yuanchun Li , Mengwei Xu , Chongbin Guo , Zengshan Yin , Weiwei Gao , Chuanxiu Chi

In the ambitious realm of space AI, the integration of federated learning (FL) with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations holds immense promise. However, many challenges persist in terms of feasibility, learning efficiency, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Mohamed Elmahallawy , Tie Luo

Modern satellites deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) accommodate processing payloads that can be exploited for edge computing. Furthermore, by implementing inter-satellite links, the LEO satellites in a constellation can route the data…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-23 Marc Martinez-Gost , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Ana Pérez-Neira , Miguel Ángel Vázquez , Beatriz Soret , Marco Moretti

In the evolving landscape of satellite communications, the deployment of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations promises to revolutionize global Internet access by providing low-latency, high-bandwidth connectivity to underserved…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mohamed M. Kassem , Nishanth Sastry

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites and satellite direct-to-device (D2D) technology are at the heart of the next-generation global connectivity which promises direct access to space-based broadband services for unmodified 3GPP-compliant…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Adnan Aijaz , Peizheng Li , Sajida Gufran

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks have attracted considerable attention for their ability to deliver global, low-latency broadband Internet services. In this paper, we present a large-scale measurement study of the Starlink network,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Bingsen Wang , Xiaohui Zhang , Shuai Wang , Li Chen , Jinwei Zhao , Dan Li , Yong Jiang

The highly dynamic nature of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks introduces challenges that existing transport protocols fail to address, including non-congestive latency variation and loss, transient congestion hotspots, and frequent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Aiden Valentine , Ian Wakeman , George Parisis

We propose an architecture with accompanying protocol for on-board satellite data infrastructure designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations offering communication services, such as direct-to-cell connectivity. Our design leverages…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Thomas Sandholm , Sayandev Mukherjee , Bernardo A Huberman

Unlike in terrestrial cellular networks, certain frequency bands for low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have thus far been allocated on a non-exclusive basis. In this context, systems that launch their satellites earlier (referred to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Jeong Min Kong , Eunsun Kim , Ian P. Roberts

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites play a pivotal role in global connectivity-delivering high-speed Internet, cellular coverage, and massive IoT support. With ever-growing onboard computing and storage resources, LEO satellites herald a new…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhiyuan Zhao , Jiasheng Wu , Shaojie Su , Wenjun Zhu , Yue Gao

The high mobility of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations induces a highly dynamic network topology, leading to many problems like frequent service disruptions. To mitigate this, Packet-based Load Balancing (PBLB) is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xiyuan Liu , Guano Liu , Xiucheng Tian , Wenting Wei

The emergence of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellations is dynamically transforming the space sector. While free-space optical (FSO) links efficiently facilitate intersatellite data forwarding, they suffer from…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Pablo G. Madoery , Juan A. Fraire , Jorge M. Finochietto , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are emerging as a key enabler of next-generation communications, offering global coverage and significantly lower latency compared to traditional terrestrial networks and geostationary…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Mohammad Taghi Dabiri , Mazen Hasna , Saud Althunibat , Khalid Qaraqe

The increasing prevalence LEO satellite mega-constellations for global Internet coverage requires new approaches to evaluate the behavior of existing Internet protocols and applications. Traditional discrete event simulators like Hypatia…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Martin Ottens , Kai-Steffen Hielscher , Reinhard German

This paper addresses the complexities of entanglement distribution in LEO satellite networks, particularly those arising from their dynamic topology. Traditional static and dynamic entanglement distribution methods often result in high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-26 Seid Koudia , Junaid ur Rehman , Symeon Chatzinotas

The rapid deployment of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has drawn attention to the potential of nonterrestrial networks (NTN) in providing global communication services. Telecom operators are attempting to collaborate with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shaojie Su , Jiasheng Wu , Zijie Ying , Zhiyuan Zhao , Xiangyu Jia , Wenjun Zhu , Yue Gao

Middleboxes are increasingly deployed across geographically distributed data centers. In these scenarios, the WAN latency between different sites can significantly impact the performance of stateful middleboxes. The deployment of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Milad Ghaznavi , Ali Jose Mashtizadeh , Bernard Wong , Raouf Boutaba