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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at text comprehension and generation, making them ideal for automated tasks like code review and content moderation. However, our research identifies a vulnerability: LLMs can be manipulated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Honglin Mu , Jinghao Liu , Kaiyang Wan , Rui Xing , Xiuying Chen , Timothy Baldwin , Wanxiang Che

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a transformative leap in artificial intelligence, enabling the comprehension, generation, and nuanced interaction with human language on an unparalleled scale. However, LLMs are increasingly vulnerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Nan Wang , Kane Walter , Yansong Gao , Alsharif Abuadbba

Email is a channel of communication which is considered to be a confidential medium of communication for exchange of information among individuals and organisations. The confidentiality consideration about e-mail is no longer the case as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nmachi Peace Wosah , Thomas Win

The way we communicate and work has changed significantly with the rise of the Internet. While it has opened up new opportunities, it has also brought about an increase in cyber threats. One common and serious threat is phishing, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Furkan Çolhak , Mert İlhan Ecevit , Bilal Emir Uçar , Reiner Creutzburg , Hasan Dağ

Generative AI, including large language models (LLMs) have the potential -- and already are being used -- to increase the speed, scale, and types of unsafe conversations online. LLMs lower the barrier for entry for bad actors to create…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Owen Hoffman , Kangze Peng , Zehua You , Sajid Kamal , Sukrit Venkatagiri

We argue that Large language models (LLMs) will soon alter the economics of cyberattacks. Instead of attacking the most commonly used software and monetizing exploits by targeting the lowest common denominator among victims, LLMs enable…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence and machine learning through their advanced text processing and generating capabilities. However, their widespread deployment has raised significant safety and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jing Cui , Yishi Xu , Zhewei Huang , Shuchang Zhou , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are central to a multitude of applications but struggle with significant risks, notably in generating harmful content and biases. Drawing an analogy to the human psyche's conflict between evolutionary survival…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Zi Yin , Wei Ding , Jia Liu

With increasingly more sophisticated phishing campaigns in recent years, phishing emails lure people using more legitimate-looking personal contexts. To tackle this problem, instead of traditional heuristics-based algorithms, more adaptive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yuwei Sun , Ng Chong , Hideya Ochiai

Navigating complex social situations is an integral part of corporate life, ranging from giving critical feedback without hurting morale to rejecting requests without alienating teammates. Although large language models (LLMs) are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Dang Nguyen , Harvey Yiyun Fu , Peter West , Ari Holtzman , Chenhao Tan

Insider threats wield an outsized influence on organizations, disproportionate to their small numbers. This is due to the internal access insiders have to systems, information, and infrastructure. %One example of this influence is where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Haywood Gelman , John D. Hastings

Phishing websites are everywhere, and countermeasures based on static blocklists cannot cope with such a threat. To address this problem, state-of-the-art solutions entail the application of machine learning (ML) to detect phishing websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ajka Draganovic , Savino Dambra , Javier Aldana Iuit , Kevin Roundy , Giovanni Apruzzese

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has inspired researchers to integrate them extensively into the academic workflow, potentially reshaping how research is practiced and reviewed. While previous studies highlight the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Rui Li , Jia-Chen Gu , Po-Nien Kung , Heming Xia , Junfeng liu , Xiangwen Kong , Zhifang Sui , Nanyun Peng

Human evaluation is indispensable and inevitable for assessing the quality of texts generated by machine learning models or written by humans. However, human evaluation is very difficult to reproduce and its quality is notoriously unstable,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

The escalating digitalisation of our lives and enterprises has led to a parallel growth in the complexity and frequency of cyber-attacks. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly in Australia, are experiencing increased…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Benjamin Kereopa-Yorke

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and its competitors have caused a revolution in natural language processing, but their capabilities also introduce new security vulnerabilities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Natural language processing based on large language models (LLMs) is a booming field of AI research. After neural networks have proven to outperform humans in games and practical domains based on pattern recognition, we might stand now at a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Anna Strasser

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized our comprehension of intelligence bringing us closer to Artificial Intelligence. Since their introduction, researchers have actively explored the applications of LLMs across…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for automating programming tasks, including security-related ones. However, they can also introduce vulnerabilities during code generation, fail to detect existing vulnerabilities,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Enna Basic , Alberto Giaretta

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized content creation across digital platforms, offering unprecedented capabilities in natural language generation and understanding. These models enable beneficial applications such as content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Chi Zhang , Changjia Zhu , Junjie Xiong , Xiaoran Xu , Lingyao Li , Yao Liu , Zhuo Lu