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Causal world models are systems that can answer counterfactual questions about an environment of interest, i.e. predict how it would have evolved if an arbitrary subset of events had been realized differently. It requires understanding the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Gaël Gendron , Jože M. Rožanec , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

As machine learning (ML) models become more widely deployed in high-stakes applications, counterfactual explanations have emerged as key tools for providing actionable model explanations in practice. Despite the growing popularity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Martin Pawelczyk , Chirag Agarwal , Shalmali Joshi , Sohini Upadhyay , Himabindu Lakkaraju

In this paper, we aim to explain the decisions of neural networks by utilizing multimodal information. That is counter-intuitive attributes and counter visual examples which appear when perturbed samples are introduced. Different from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Sadaf Gulshad , Arnold Smeulders

Humans use causality and hypothetical retrospection in their daily decision-making, planning, and understanding of life events. The human mind, while retrospecting a given situation, think about questions such as "What was the cause of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Utkarshani Jaimini , Amit Sheth

Vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of multimodal reasoning tasks, but they often struggle to disentangle fine-grained visual attributes and reason about underlying causal relationships.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Guangzhi Xiong , Sanchit Sinha , Zhenghao He , Aidong Zhang

Fair machine learning aims to avoid treating individuals or sub-populations unfavourably based on \textit{sensitive attributes}, such as gender and race. Those methods in fair machine learning that are built on causal inference ascertain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Aoqi Zuo , Susan Wei , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han , Kun Zhang , Mingming Gong

Causality has traditionally been a scientific way to generate knowledge by relating causes to effects. From an imaginery point of view, causal graphs are a helpful tool for representing and infering new causal information. In previous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán , C. Puente , A. Sobrino , J. A. Olivas

Interaction enables users to navigate large amounts of data effectively, supports cognitive processing, and increases data representation methods. However, there have been few attempts to empirically demonstrate whether adding interaction…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Ab Mosca , Alvitta Ottley , Remco Chang

Causal representation learning has attracted significant research interest during the past few years, as a means for improving model generalization and robustness. Causal representations of interventional image pairs (also called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Panagiotis Alimisis , Christos Diou

Counterfactual inference considers a hypothetical intervention in a parallel world that shares some evidence with the factual world. If the evidence specifies a conditional distribution on a manifold, counterfactuals may be analytically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-03 Juha Karvanen , Santtu Tikka , Matti Vihola

Counterfactuals are a popular framework for interpreting machine learning predictions. These what if explanations are notoriously challenging to create for computer vision models: standard gradient-based methods are prone to produce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jeremy Goldwasser , Giles Hooker

In this position paper we discuss three main shortcomings of existing approaches to counterfactual causality from the computer science perspective, and sketch lines of work to try and overcome these issues: (1) causality definitions should…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-10-11 Gregor Gössler , Oleg Sokolsky , Jean-Bernard Stefani

Understanding causal mechanisms across different populations is essential for designing effective public health interventions. Recently, difference graphs have been introduced as a tool to visually represent causal variations between two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Charles K. Assaad

In this work, we develop a technique to produce counterfactual visual explanations. Given a 'query' image $I$ for which a vision system predicts class $c$, a counterfactual visual explanation identifies how $I$ could change such that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Yash Goyal , Ziyan Wu , Jan Ernst , Dhruv Batra , Devi Parikh , Stefan Lee

Attention mechanism has demonstrated great potential in fine-grained visual recognition tasks. In this paper, we present a counterfactual attention learning method to learn more effective attention based on causal inference. Unlike most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Yongming Rao , Guangyi Chen , Jiwen Lu , Jie Zhou

Causal structure discovery methods are commonly applied to structured data where the causal variables are known and where statistical testing can be used to assess the causal relationships. By contrast, recovering a causal structure from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Gaël Gendron , Jože M. Rožanec , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

We address the open question of counterfactual identification for high-dimensional multivariate outcomes from observational data. Pearl (2000) argues that counterfactuals must be identifiable (i.e., recoverable from the observed data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Fabio De Sousa Ribeiro , Ainkaran Santhirasekaram , Ben Glocker

In this paper, we propose leveraging causal generative learning as an interpretable tool for explaining image classifiers. Specifically, we present a generative counterfactual inference approach to study the influence of visual features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Will Taylor-Melanson , Zahra Sadeghi , Stan Matwin

Understanding the relation of events plays an important role in different domains, such as identifying the reasons for users' certain actions from application logs as well as explaining sports players' behaviors according to historical…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Xiao Xie , Moqi He , Yingcai Wu

Machine learning models that operate on graph-structured data, such as molecular graphs or social networks, often make accurate predictions but offer little insight into why certain predictions are made. Counterfactual explanations address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 David Bechtoldt , Sidney Bender
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