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One of the main goals of online competitive games is increasing player engagement by ensuring fair matches. These games use rating systems for creating balanced match-ups. Rating systems leverage statistical estimation to rate players'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

To take the esports scene to the next level, we introduce PandaSkill, a framework for assessing player performance and skill rating. Traditional rating systems like Elo and TrueSkill often overlook individual contributions and face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Maxime De Bois , Flora Parmentier , Raphaël Puget , Matthew Tanti , Jordan Peltier

Matchmaking systems are vital for creating fair matches in online multiplayer games, which directly affects players' satisfactions and game experience. Most of the matchmaking systems largely rely on precise estimation of players' game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Chaoyun Zhang , Kai Wang , Hao Chen , Ge Fan , Yingjie Li , Lifang Wu , Bingchao Zheng

Many of the existing approaches to assess and predict the performance of players, teams or products in competitive contests rely on the assumption that comparisons occur between pairs of such entities. There are, however, several real…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-13 Jack Yeung , Daniel Kaiser , Filippo Radicchi

Rating systems play an important role in competitive sports and games. They provide a measure of player skill, which incentivizes competitive performances and enables balanced match-ups. In this paper, we present a novel Bayesian rating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Aram Ebtekar , Paul Liu

The meteoric rise of online games has created a need for accurate skill rating systems for tracking improvement and fair matchmaking. Although many skill rating systems are deployed, with various theoretical foundations, less work has been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Mikel Bober-Irizar , Naunidh Dua , Max McGuinness

Competition is a primary driver of player satisfaction and engagement in multiplayer online games. Traditional matchmaking systems aim at creating matches involving teams of similar aggregated individual skill levels, such as Elo score or…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Sofia M Nikolakaki , Ogheneovo Dibie , Ahmad Beirami , Nicholas Peterson , Navid Aghdaie , Kazi Zaman

In this work, we deal with the problem of rating in sports, where the skills of the players/teams are inferred from the observed outcomes of the games. Our focus is on the online rating algorithms which estimate the skills after each new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-30 Leszek Szczecinski , Raphaëlle Tihon

Benchmarking is a fundamental practice in machine learning (ML) for comparing the performance of classification algorithms. However, traditional evaluation methods often overlook a critical aspect: the joint consideration of dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro , Regiane Kawasaki , Ricardo Prudêncio , Ronnie Alves

Rating systems play a crucial role in evaluating player skill across competitive environments. The Elo rating system, originally designed for deterministic and information-complete games such as chess, has been widely adopted and modified…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Avirup Chakraborty , Shirsa Maitra , Tathagata Banerjee , Diganta Mukherjee , Tridib Mukherjee

In competitive games, strength ratings like Elo are widely used to quantify player skill and support matchmaking by accounting for skill disparities better than simple win rate statistics. However, scalar ratings cannot handle complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Chiu-Chou Lin , I-Chen Wu

The Elo rating system is widely adopted to evaluate the skills of (chess) game and sports players. Recently it has been also integrated into machine learning algorithms in evaluating the performance of computerised AI agents. However, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Xue Yan , Yali Du , Binxin Ru , Jun Wang , Haifeng Zhang , Xu Chen

Evaluation has traditionally focused on ranking candidates for a specific skill. Modern generalist models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), decidedly outpace this paradigm. Open-ended evaluation systems, where candidate models are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Siqi Liu , Ian Gemp , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Nicolas Heess , Marc Lanctot

Skills, i.e., structured workflow instructions distilled for large language models (LLMs), are becoming an increasingly important mechanism for improving agent performance on real-world downstream tasks. However, as the open-source skill…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jiahao Ying , Boxian Ai , Wei Tang , Siyuan Liu , Yixin Cao

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), the Elo rating system, originally designed for ranking players in dynamic games such as chess, is increasingly being used to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) through "A vs B" paired comparisons.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee

We present a theoretical analysis of the Elo rating system, a popular method for ranking skills of players in an online setting. In particular, we study Elo under the Bradley--Terry--Luce model and, using techniques from Markov chain…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Sam Olesker-Taylor , Luca Zanetti

We summarise popular methods used for skill rating in competitive sports, along with their inferential paradigms and introduce new approaches based on sequential Monte Carlo and discrete hidden Markov models. We advocate for a state-space…

Applications · Statistics 2024-08-20 Samuel Duffield , Samuel Power , Lorenzo Rimella

The Elo rating system has been used world wide for individual sports and team sports, as exemplified by the European Go Federation (EGF), International Chess Federation (FIDE), International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Ben Wise

With LLMs shifting their role from statistical modeling of language to serving as general-purpose AI agents, how should LLM evaluations change? Arguably, a key ability of an AI agent is to flexibly combine, as needed, the basic skills it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Dingli Yu , Simran Kaur , Arushi Gupta , Jonah Brown-Cohen , Anirudh Goyal , Sanjeev Arora

The Elo rating system is a highly successful ranking algorithm for games of skill where, by construction, one team wins and the other loses. A primary limitation of the original Elo algorithm is its inability to predict information beyond a…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-05 J. Scott Moreland , Matthew C. Superdock
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