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Efficiently word storing and searching is an important task in computer science. An application space complexity, time complexity, and overall performance depend on this string data. Many word searching data structures and algorithms exist…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Rahat Yeasin Emon , Sharmistha Chanda Tista

In this paper we propose a variant of the induced suffix sorting algorithm by Nong (TOIS, 2013) that computes simultaneously the Lyndon array and the suffix array of a text in $O(n)$ time using $\sigma + O(1)$ words of working space, where…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Felipe A. Louza , Sabrina Mantaci , Giovanni Manzini , Marinella Sciortino , Guilherme P. Telles

In this paper, we consider the problem of compressing a trie while supporting the powerful \emph{locate} queries: to return the pre-order identifiers of all nodes reached by a path labeled with a given query pattern. Our result builds on…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Nicola Prezza

Given two strings $T$ and $S$ and a set of strings $P$, for each string $p \in P$, consider the unique substrings of $T$ that have $p$ as their prefix and $S$ as their suffix. Two problems then come to mind; the first problem being the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Laurentius Leonard , Ken Tanaka

We deal with the problem of maintaining the suffix tree indexing structure for a fully-online collection of multiple strings, where a new character can be prepended to any string in the collection at any time. The only previously known…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Shunsuke Inenaga

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable multi-step reasoning capabilities across various domains. However, LLMs still face distinct challenges in complex logical reasoning, as (1) proof-finding requires systematic exploration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Kang He , Kaushik Roy

We study the fundamental question of how efficiently suffix array entries can be accessed when the array cannot be stored explicitly. The suffix array $SA_T[1..n]$ of a text $T$ of length $n$ encodes the lexicographic order of its suffixes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

The Cover Suffix Tree (CST) of a string $T$ is the suffix tree of $T$ with additional explicit nodes corresponding to halves of square substrings of $T$. In the CST an explicit node corresponding to a substring $C$ of $T$ is annotated with…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Jakub Radoszewski

We present several results about position heaps, a relatively new alternative to suffix trees and suffix arrays. First, we show that, if we limit the maximum length of patterns to be sought, then we can also limit the height of the heap and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-01-15 Travis Gagie , Wing-Kai Hon , Tsung-Han Ku

A seed in a word is a relaxed version of a period in which the occurrences of the repeating subword may overlap. We show a linear-time algorithm computing a linear-size representation of all the seeds of a word (the number of seeds might be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Tomasz Kociumaka , Marcin Kubica , Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Tomasz Walen

The compact directed acyclic word graph (CDAWG) of a string $T$ is an index occupying $O(\mathsf{e})$ space, where $\mathsf{e}$ is the number of right extensions of maximal repeats in $T$. For highly repetitive datasets, the measure…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Shunsuke Inenaga , Dmitry Kosolobov

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for text analysis tasks, such as named entity recognition or error detection. Unlike encoder-based models, however, generative architectures lack an explicit mechanism to refer to specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Danil Semin , Ondřej Dušek , Zdeněk Kasner

We introduce LLMStinger, a novel approach that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically generate adversarial suffixes for jailbreak attacks. Unlike traditional methods, which require complex prompt engineering or white-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Piyush Jha , Arnav Arora , Vijay Ganesh

Index is an important component in database systems. Learned indexes have been shown to outperform traditional tree-based index structures for fixed-sized integer or floating point keys. However, the application of the learned solution to…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yifan Yang , Shimin Chen

The suffix tree is arguably the most fundamental data structure on strings: introduced by Weiner (SWAT 1973) and McCreight (JACM 1976), it allows solving a myriad of computational problems on strings in linear time. Motivated by its large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ruben Becker , Davide Cenzato , Travis Gagie , Sung-Hwan Kim , Ragnar Groot Koerkamp , Giovanni Manzini , Nicola Prezza

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a well-documented positional bias when processing long input contexts: information in the middle of a context window receives substantially less attention than content at the boundaries, a phenomenon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hung Ming Liu

Indexing a set of strings for prefix search or membership queries is a fundamental task with many applications such as information retrieval or database systems. A classic abstract data type for modelling such an index is a trie. Due to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Hideo Bannai , Keisuke Goto , Shunsuke Kanda , Dominik Köppl

The suffix tree is a data structure for indexing strings. It is used in a variety of applications such as bioinformatics, time series analysis, clustering, text editing and data compression. However, when the string and the resulting suffix…

Databases · Computer Science 2011-10-03 Essam Mansour , Amin Allam , Spiros Skiadopoulos , Panos Kalnis

Suffix tree (and the closely related suffix array) are fundamental structures capturing all substrings of a given text essentially by storing all its suffixes in the lexicographical order. In some applications, we work with a subset of $b$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Paweł Gawrychowski , Tomasz Kociumaka

In highly repetitive strings, like collections of genomes from the same species, distinct measures of repetition all grow sublinearly in the length of the text, and indexes targeted to such strings typically depend only on one of these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial , Travis Gagie , Nicola Prezza , Mathieu Raffinot