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In two-time-scale stochastic approximation (SA), two iterates are updated at different rates, governed by distinct step sizes, with each update influencing the other. Previous studies have demonstrated that the convergence rates of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Yuze Han , Xiang Li , Jiadong Liang , Zhihua Zhang

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation, a generalized version of the popular stochastic approximation, has found broad applications in many areas including stochastic control, optimization, and machine learning. Despite its popularity,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-24 Thinh T. Doan

In this work, we investigate stochastic approximation (SA) with Markovian data and nonlinear updates under constant stepsize $\alpha>0$. Existing work has primarily focused on either i.i.d. data or linear update rules. We take a new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-18 Dongyan Huo , Yixuan Zhang , Yudong Chen , Qiaomin Xie

Stochastic approximation (SA) with multiple coupled sequences has found broad applications in machine learning such as bilevel learning and reinforcement learning (RL). In this paper, we study the finite-time convergence of nonlinear SA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Han Shen , Tianyi Chen

Motivated by applications in large-scale and multi-agent reinforcement learning, we study the non-asymptotic performance of stochastic approximation (SA) schemes with delayed updates under Markovian sampling. While the effect of delays has…

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation algorithms are iterative methods used in applications such as optimization, reinforcement learning, and control. Finite-time analysis of these algorithms has primarily focused on fixed point…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Siddharth Chandak

This work presents the first finite-time analysis for the last-iterate convergence of average-reward $Q$-learning with an asynchronous implementation. A key feature of the algorithm we study is the use of adaptive stepsizes, which serve as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zaiwei Chen , Phalguni Nanda

Linear two-timescale stochastic approximation (SA) scheme is an important class of algorithms which has become popular in reinforcement learning (RL), particularly for the policy evaluation problem. Recently, a number of works have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-05 Maxim Kaledin , Eric Moulines , Alexey Naumov , Vladislav Tadic , Hoi-To Wai

This paper presents a finite time convergence analysis for a decentralized stochastic approximation (SA) scheme. The scheme generalizes several algorithms for decentralized machine learning and multi-agent reinforcement learning. Our proof…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-06 Hoi-To Wai

Two-timescale Stochastic Approximation (SA) algorithms are widely used in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Their iterates have two parts that are updated using distinct stepsizes. In this work, we develop a novel recipe for their finite sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-06 Gal Dalal , Balazs Szorenyi , Gugan Thoppe , Shie Mannor

We study the finite-time convergence of projected linear two-time-scale stochastic approximation with constant step sizes and Polyak--Ruppert averaging. We establish an explicit mean-square error bound, decomposing it into two interpretable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Yitao Bai , Thinh T. Doan , Justin Romberg

Stochastic approximation (SA) that involves multiple coupled sequences, known as multiple-sequence SA (MSSA), finds diverse applications in the fields of signal processing and machine learning. However, existing theoretical understandings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yue Huang , Zhaoxian Wu , Shiqian Ma , Qing Ling

We present adaptive sequential SAA (sample average approximation) algorithms to solve large-scale two-stage stochastic linear programs. The iterative algorithm framework we propose is organized into \emph{outer} and \emph{inner} iterations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-08 Raghu Pasupathy , Yongjia Song

Motivated by their broad applications in reinforcement learning, we study the linear two-time-scale stochastic approximation, an iterative method using two different step sizes for finding the solutions of a system of two equations. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Thinh T. Doan

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation (SA) is an algorithm with coupled iterations which has found broad applications in reinforcement learning, optimization and game control. In this work, we derive mean squared error bounds for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Siddharth Chandak

Motivated by the widespread use of temporal-difference (TD-) and Q-learning algorithms in reinforcement learning, this paper studies a class of biased stochastic approximation (SA) procedures under a mild "ergodic-like" assumption on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-02 Gang Wang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

This paper provides a finite-time analysis of linear stochastic approximation (LSA) algorithms with fixed step size, a core method in statistics and machine learning. LSA is used to compute approximate solutions of a $d$-dimensional linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-30 Alain Durmus , Eric Moulines , Alexey Naumov , Sergey Samsonov

We consider a generic convex-concave saddle point problem with separable structure, a form that covers a wide-ranged machine learning applications. Under this problem structure, we follow the framework of primal-dual updates for saddle…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-06-15 Zhanxing Zhu , Amos J. Storkey

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation is a popular iterative method for finding the solution of a system of two equations. Such methods have found broad applications in many areas, especially in machine learning and reinforcement…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Thinh T. Doan , Justin Romberg

We study the so-called two-time-scale stochastic approximation, a simulation-based approach for finding the roots of two coupled nonlinear operators. Our focus is to characterize its finite-time performance in a Markov setting, which often…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-06 Thinh T. Doan
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