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In the Bradley-Terry model for paired comparisons, and its extensions to include order effects and ties, the maximum likelihood estimates of probabilities of certain outcomes can be 0 or 1 under certain data configurations. This poses…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Kenneth Butler , John T. Whelan

Comparative Judgement is an assessment method where item ratings are estimated based on rankings of subsets of the items. These rankings are typically pairwise, with ratings taken to be the estimated parameters from fitting a Bradley-Terry…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-22 Ian Hamilton , Nick Tawn

This article surveys recent progress in the Bradley-Terry (BT) model and its extensions. We focus on the statistical and computational aspects, with emphasis on the regime in which both the number of objects and the volume of comparisons…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-23 Shuxing Fang , Ruijian Han , Yuanhang Luo , Yiming Xu

Traditional statistical inference on ordinal comparison data results in an overall ranking of objects, e.g., from best to worst, with each object having a unique rank. However, ranks of some objects may not be statistically distinguishable.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-27 Michael Pearce , Elena A. Erosheva

Can one understand the statistics of wins and losses of baseball teams? Are their consecutive-game winning and losing streaks self-reinforcing or can they be described statistically? We apply the Bradley-Terry model, which incorporates the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-07-25 C. Sire , S. Redner

The Bradley-Terry model is widely used for pairwise comparison data analysis. In this paper, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the maximum likelihood estimator of the Bradley-Terry model in its logistic parameterization, under a general…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-10 Weichen Wu , Brian W. Junker , Nynke M. D. Niezink

We explore the top-$K$ rank aggregation problem. Suppose a collection of items is compared in pairs repeatedly, and we aim to recover a consistent ordering that focuses on the top-$K$ ranked items based on partially revealed preference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-15 Minje Jang , Sunghyun Kim , Changho Suh , Sewoong Oh

Pairwise comparison models have been widely used for utility evaluation and rank aggregation across various fields. The increasing scale of modern problems underscores the need to understand statistical inference in these models when the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Ruijian Han , Wenlu Tang , Yiming Xu

Statistical inference in parametric models (e.g., the Bradley--Terry model and its variants) for paired-comparison data has been explored in the high-dimensional regime, in which the number of items involving in paired comparisons diverges.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Haoyue Song , Lianqiang Qu , Ting Yan , Yuguo Chen

Prediction and modelling of competitive sports outcomes has received much recent attention, especially from the Bayesian statistics and machine learning communities. In the real world setting of outcome prediction, the seminal \'{E}l\H{o}…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-01-30 Franz J. Király , Zhaozhi Qian

This technical report studies the problem of ranking from pairwise comparisons in the classical Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model, with a focus on score estimation. For general graphs, we show that, with sufficiently many samples, maximum…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-17 Yanxi Chen

Given a set of pairwise comparisons, the classical ranking problem computes a single ranking that best represents the preferences of all users. In this paper, we study the problem of inferring individual preferences, arising in the context…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-12-18 Rui Wu , Jiaming Xu , R. Srikant , Laurent Massoulié , Marc Lelarge , Bruce Hajek

We propose a general framework for statistical inference on the overall strengths of players in pairwise comparisons, allowing for potential shifts in the covariate distribution. These covariates capture important contextual information…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-10 Xiudi Li , Sijia Li

The question of aggregating pair-wise comparisons to obtain a global ranking over a collection of objects has been of interest for a very long time: be it ranking of online gamers (e.g. MSR's TrueSkill system) and chess players, aggregating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-13 Sahand Negahban , Sewoong Oh , Devavrat Shah

A paired comparison analysis is the simplest way to make comparative judgments between objects where objects may be goods, services or skills. For a set of problems, this technique helps to choose the most important problem to solve first…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-27 Maqsood Ali , Muhammad Aslam

In a wide class of paired comparisons, especially in the sports games, in which all subjects are divided into several groups, the intragroup comparisons are dense and the intergroup comparisons are sparse. Typical examples include the NFL…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2012-06-11 Ting Yan , Jinfeng Xu , Yaning Yang

This paper considers ranking inference of $n$ items based on the observed data on the top choice among $M$ randomly selected items at each trial. This is a useful modification of the Plackett-Luce model for $M$-way ranking with only the top…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-09 Jianqing Fan , Zhipeng Lou , Weichen Wang , Mengxin Yu

Pairwise comparison matrices are widely used in Multicriteria Decision Making. This article applies incomplete pairwise comparison matrices in the area of sport tournaments, namely proposing alternative rankings for the 2010 Chess Olympiad…

Applications · Statistics 2019-06-20 László Csató

We consider the problem of aggregating pairwise comparisons to obtain a consensus ranking order over a collection of objects. We use the popular Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model which allows us to probabilistically describe pairwise…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Mine Alsan , Ranjitha Prasad , Vincent Y. F. Tan

For nonbalanced paired comparisons, a wide variety of ranking methods have been proposed. One of the best popular methods is the Bradley-Terry model in which the ranking of a set of objects is decided by the maximum likelihood estimates…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-07 Ting Yan