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Discovering the underlying mathematical expressions describing a dataset is a core challenge for artificial intelligence. This is the problem of $\textit{symbolic regression}$. Despite recent advances in training neural networks to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Brenden K. Petersen , Mikel Landajuela , T. Nathan Mundhenk , Claudio P. Santiago , Soo K. Kim , Joanne T. Kim

Symbolic regression automates the process of learning closed-form mathematical models from data. Standard approaches to symbolic regression, as well as newer deep learning approaches, rely on heuristic model selection criteria, heuristic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-29 Roger Guimera , Marta Sales-Pardo

Symbolic regression (SR) is a challenging task in machine learning that involves finding a mathematical expression for a function based on its values. Recent advancements in SR have demonstrated the effectiveness of pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Parshin Shojaee , Kazem Meidani , Amir Barati Farimani , Chandan K. Reddy

Mathematical formulas are the crystallization of human wisdom in exploring the laws of nature for thousands of years. Describing the complex laws of nature with a concise mathematical formula is a constant pursuit of scientists and a great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yanjie Li , Jingyi Liu , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Su Wei , Yusong Deng

In symbolic regression, the search for analytic models is typically driven purely by the prediction error observed on the training data samples. However, when the data samples do not sufficiently cover the input space, the prediction error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 J. Kubalík , E. Derner , R. Babuška

Automated discovery of physical laws from observational data in the real world is a grand challenge in AI. Current methods, relying on symbolic regression or LLMs, are limited to uni-modal data and overlook the rich, visual phenomenological…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiaqi Liu , Songning Lai , Pengze Li , Di Yu , Wenjie Zhou , Yiyang Zhou , Peng Xia , Zijun Wang , Xi Chen , Shixiang Tang , Lei Bai , Wanli Ouyang , Mingyu Ding , Huaxiu Yao , Aoran Wang

Symbolic regression (SR) is the problem of learning a symbolic expression from numerical data. Recently, deep neural models trained on procedurally-generated synthetic datasets showed competitive performance compared to more classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny , Guillaume Lample , Sylvain Lamprier , Marco Virgolin

Complex networks describe important structures in nature and society, composed of nodes and the edges that connect them. The evolution of these networks is typically described by dynamics, which are labor-intensive and require expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Haiquan Qiu , Shuzhi Liu , Quanming Yao

We propose an approach to symbolic regression based on a novel variational autoencoder for generating hierarchical structures, HVAE. It combines simple atomic units with shared weights to recursively encode and decode the individual nodes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Sebastian Mežnar , Sašo Džeroski , Ljupčo Todorovski

Recently, several algorithms for symbolic regression (SR) emerged which employ a form of multiple linear regression (LR) to produce generalized linear models. The use of LR allows the algorithms to create models with relatively small error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Jan Žegklitz , Petr Pošík

The Symbolic Regression (SR) problem, where the goal is to find a regression function that does not have a pre-specified form but is any function that can be composed of a list of operators, is a hard problem in machine learning, both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Vernon Austel , Cristina Cornelio , Sanjeeb Dash , Joao Goncalves , Lior Horesh , Tyler Josephson , Nimrod Megiddo

Symbolic regression is the machine learning method for learning functions from data. After a brief overview of the symbolic regression landscape, I will describe the two main challenges that traditional algorithms face: they have an unknown…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-18 Harry Desmond

Identifying governing equations for a dynamical system is a topic of critical interest across an array of disciplines, from mathematics to engineering to biology. Machine learning -- specifically deep learning -- techniques have shown their…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Nibodh Boddupalli , Timothy Matchen , Jeff Moehlis

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering interpretable mathematical expressions. However, benchmarking SR methods remains challenging due to the diversity of algorithms, datasets, and evaluation criteria. In this…

Symbolic Regression tries to find a mathematical expression that describes the relationship of a set of explanatory variables to a measured variable. The main objective is to find a model that minimizes the error and, optionally, that also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

Symbolic regression (SR) -- which learns symbolic equations to describe the underlying relation from input-output pairs -- is widely used for scientific discovery. However, a rich set of scientific data from the real world (e.g., particle…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Kuang Yufei , Wang Jie , Huang Haotong , Ye Mingxuan , Zhu Fangzhou , Li Xijun , Hao Jianye , Wu Feng

Holographic Reduced Representations (HRR) are a method for performing symbolic AI on top of real-valued vectors by associating each vector with an abstract concept, and providing mathematical operations to manipulate vectors as if they were…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Ashwinkumar Ganesan , Hang Gao , Sunil Gandhi , Edward Raff , Tim Oates , James Holt , Mark McLean

Many real-world systems can be described by mathematical models that are human-comprehensible, easy to analyze and help explain the system's behavior. Symbolic regression is a method that can automatically generate such models from data.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Jiří Kubalík , Erik Derner , Robert Babuška

In nature, the behaviors of many complex systems can be described by parsimonious math equations. Automatically distilling these equations from limited data is cast as a symbolic regression process which hitherto remains a grand challenge.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Yilong Xu , Yang Liu , Hao Sun

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen