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With the proliferation of 5G wireless networks, the population is increasingly exposed to frequencies approaching the millimeter-wave (mmW) range. Human ears are among the most exposed body parts. This paper proposes an analysis of the ear…

Medical Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 G. Sacco , A. Kapetanović , D. Poljak , M. Zhadobov

Over the years, several security vulnerabilities in the 3GPP cellular systems have been demonstrated in the literature. Most studies focus on higher layers of the cellular radio stack, such as the RRC and NAS, which are cryptographically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Norbert Ludant , Marinos Vomvas , Guevara Noubir

A prevalent theory circulating among the non-scientific community is that the intensive deployment of base stations over the territory significantly increases the level of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and affects population health.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-07 Zhengying Lou , Ahmed Elzanaty , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

This article investigates the performance of an ultra-dense network (UDN) from an energy-efficiency (EE) standpoint leveraging the interplay between stochastic geometry (SG) and mean-field game (MFG) theory. In this setting, base stations…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-09-14 Jihong Park , Mehdi Bennis , Seong-Lyun Kim , Mérouane Debbah

International guidelines/standards for human protection from electromagnetic fields have been revised recently, especially for frequencies above 6 GHz where new wireless communication systems have been deployed. Above this frequency a new…

With the formidable growth of various booming wireless communication services that require ever-increasing data throughputs, the conventional microwave band below 10 GHz, which is currently used by almost all mobile communication systems,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-10-17 Peng Wang , Yonghui Li , Lingyang Song , Branka Vucetic

A dramatic development occurring in our daily life is the increasing use of mobile equipment including mobile phones and wireless access to the Internet. They enable us to access several types of information more easily than in the past.…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 Tsuyoshi Hondou

Electromagnetic (EM) body models predict the impact of human presence and motions on the Radio-Frequency (RF) stray radiation received by wireless devices nearby. These wireless devices may be co-located members of a Wireless Local Area…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-09 Stefano Savazzi , Federica Fieramosca , Sanaz Kianoush , Vittorio Rampa , Michele D'amico

Privacy concerns around 5G, the latest generation of mobile networks, are growing, with fears that its deployment may increase exposure to privacy risks. This perception is largely driven by the use of denser deployments of small antenna…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Atmane Ayoub Mansour Bahar , Andrés Alayón Glazunov , Romaric Duvignau

The objective of this study is to analyze the statistics of the data rate and of the incident power density (IPD) in user-centric cell-free networks (UCCFNs). To this purpose, our analysis proposes a number of performance metrics derived…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Charles Wiame , Claude Oestges , Luc Vandendorpe

The 5G New Radio NR technology is under standardization process by 3GPP to provide outline for a new radio interface for the next generation of cellular networks. The aim of the 5G networks include not only to provide enhanced capacity…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Haneet Kour , Rakesh Kumar Jha , Sanjeev Jain , Shubha Jain

The paper proposes a multi-body electromagnetic (EM) model for the quantitative evaluation of the influence of multiple human bodies in the surroundings of a radio link. Modeling of human-induced fading is the key element for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-16 Vittorio Rampa , Gian Guido Gentili , Stefano Savazzi , Michele D'Amico

In this paper, we study the key properties of multi-antenna two-tier networks under different system configurations. Based on stochastic geometry, we derive the expressions and approximations for the users' average data rate. Through the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Zheng Chen , Ling Qiu , Xiaowen Liang

Base station (BS) deployment remains a critical task with successive wireless communication generations and increasing data rates demands, while the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure is often underrated, yielding potential health…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Xueyun Long , Yueheng Li , Mario Pauli , Benjamin Nuss , Thomas Zwick

The introduction of 5G New Radio networks with massive MIMO technology has complicated electromagnetic field exposure assessments for radiation protection. Massive MIMO transmission enables beamforming, beam steering, and spatial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-24 Lisa-Marie Schilling , Christian Bornkessel , Anna-Malin Schiffarth , Thanh Tam Julian Ta , Dirk Heberling , Matthias Hein

In recent times, the use of stochastic geometry has become a popular and important tool for performance analysis of next-generation dense small cell wireless networks. Usually, such networks are modeled using 2 dimensional spatial Poisson…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Aritra Chatterjee , Suvra Sekhar Das

Beam management is central in the operation of dense 5G cellular networks. Focusing the energy radiated to mobile terminals (MTs) by increasing the number of beams per cell increases signal power and decreases interference, and has hence…

Beam management is central in the operation of beamformed wireless cellular systems such as 5G New Radio (NR) networks. Focusing the energy radiated to mobile terminals (MTs) by increasing the number of beams per cell increases signal power…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Sanket S. Kalamkar , François Baccelli , Fuad M. Abinader , Andrea S. Marcano Fani , Luis G. Uzeda Garcia

Understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of environmental exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is essential for conducting risk assessments. These assessments aim to explore potential connections between RF-EMF…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-14 Mohammed Mallik , Laurent Clavier , Davy P. Gaillot

This paper studies energy efficiency (EE) and average throughput maximization for cognitive radio systems in the presence of unslotted primary users. It is assumed that primary user activity follows an ON-OFF alternating renewal process.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-11 Gozde Ozcan , M. Cenk Gursoy , Jian Tang