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All it takes to identify the computer programs which are Artificial Intelligence is to give them a test and award AI to those that pass the test. Let us say that the scores they earn at the test will be called IQ. We cannot pinpoint a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Dimiter Dobrev

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the name popularly given to a broad spectrum of computer tools designed to perform increasingly complex cognitive tasks, including many that used to solely be the province of humans. As these tools become…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Tanya Klowden , Terence Tao

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of domains such as security, finance, healthcare, medicine, and criminal justice. Explaining the decisions of AI systems in human terms is a key challenge--due to the high complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh K. Ghafoor

Intelligence is a human construct to represent the ability to achieve goals. Given this wide berth, intelligence has been defined countless times, studied in a variety of ways and represented using numerous measures. Understanding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Michael E. Hochberg

Explainable artificial intelligence and interpretable machine learning are research domains growing in importance. Yet, the underlying concepts remain somewhat elusive and lack generally agreed definitions. While recent inspiration from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Kacper Sokol , Peter Flach

Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides many opportunities to improve private and public life. Discovering patterns and structures in large troves of data in an automated manner is a core component of data science, and currently drives…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Vaishak Belle

We propose an operational, quantitative definition of intelligence for arbitrary physical systems. The intelligence density of a system is the ratio of the logarithm of its independent outputs to its total description length. A system…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Kang-Sin Choi

The article analyses foundational principles relevant to the creation of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Intelligence is understood as the ability to create novel skills that allow to achieve goals under previously unknown…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Rolf Pfister

Artificial Intelligence is a field that lives many lives, and the term has come to encompass a motley collection of scientific and commercial endeavours. In this paper, I articulate the contours of a rather neglected but central scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Dimitri Coelho Mollo

We identify a fundamental incompatibility between the goals of accuracy, trust, and human-level reasoning in artificial intelligence (AI) systems, for strict mathematical definitions of these notions. We define accuracy of a system as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Rina Panigrahy , Vatsal Sharan

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems are getting ubiquitous within our society, issues related to its fairness, accountability, and transparency are increasing rapidly. As a result, researchers are integrating humans with AI systems to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Nikhil Prakash , Kory W. Mathewson

Consciousness is notoriously hard to define with objective terms. An objective definition of consciousness is critically needed so that we might accurately understand how consciousness and resultant choice behaviour may arise in biological…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-05 Craig I. McKenzie

Are intelligent machines really intelligent? Is the underlying philosophical concept of intelligence satisfactory for describing how the present systems work? Is understanding a necessary and sufficient condition for intelligence? If a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán , Carlos Blanco

Over the last thirty years, considerable progress has been made with the development of systems that can drive cars, play games, predict protein folding and generate natural language. These systems are described as intelligent and there has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 David Gamez

There is a significant lack of unified approaches to building generally intelligent machines. The majority of current artificial intelligence research operates within a very narrow field of focus, frequently without considering the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-03 Marek Rosa , Jan Feyereisl , The GoodAI Collective

To engineer AGI, we should first capture the essence of intelligence in a species-agnostic form that can be evaluated, while being sufficiently general to encompass diverse paradigms of intelligent behavior, including reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Kei-Sing Ng

This paper critically assesses the anti-functionalist stance on consciousness adopted by certain advocates of integrated information theory (IIT), a corollary of which is that human-level artificial intelligence implemented on conventional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-09-08 Murray Shanahan

As is known, AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), unlike AI, should operate with meanings. And that's what distinguishes it from AI. Any successful AI implementations (playing chess, unmanned driving, face recognition etc.) do not operate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Victor V. Senkevich

Since the noun phrase `artificial intelligence' (AI) was coined, it has been debated whether humans are able to create intelligence using technology. We shed new light on this question from the point of view of themodynamics and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Jobst Landgrebe , Barry Smith

Machines are being increasingly used in decision-making processes, resulting in the realization that decisions need explanations. Unfortunately, an increasing number of these deployed models are of a 'black-box' nature where the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Sopam Dasgupta