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Watermarking schemes for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to identify the source of the generated text, mitigating the potential threats emerged from model theft. However, current watermarking solutions hardly resolve the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Haohua Duan , Liyao Xiang , Xin Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in complex natural language processing tasks but raise privacy and security concerns due to the lack of identity recognition. This paper proposes a multi-party credible watermarking framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Haoyu Jiang , Xuhong Wang , Ping Yi , Shanzhe Lei , Yilun Lin

Quantum computing represents a burgeoning computational paradigm that significantly advances the resolution of contemporary intricate problems across various domains, including cryptography, chemistry, and machine learning. Quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Min Yang , Xiaolong Guo , Lei Jiang

Watermarking is an effective way to trace model-generated content. Current watermark methods cannot resist forgery attacks, such as a deceptive claim that the model-generated content is a response to a fabricated prompt. None of them can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Minhao Bai

Generative AI raises many societal concerns such as boosting disinformation and propaganda campaigns. Watermarking AI-generated content is a key technology to address these concerns and has been widely deployed in industry. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zhengyuan Jiang , Moyang Guo , Yuepeng Hu , Jinyuan Jia , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Privacy-preserving computation (PPC) methods, such as secure multiparty computation (MPC) and homomorphic encryption (HE), are deployed increasingly often to guarantee data confidentiality in computations over private, distributed data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Tariq Bontekoe , Dimka Karastoyanova , Fatih Turkmen

The effectiveness of watermark algorithms in AI-generated text identification has garnered significant attention. Concurrently, an increasing number of watermark algorithms have been proposed to enhance the robustness against various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xianheng Feng , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Recently, text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to mitigate the potential harms of text generated by LLMs, including fake news and copyright issues. However, current watermark detection algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shu'ang Li , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has highlighted the pressing need for reliable mechanisms to verify content ownership and ensure traceability. Watermarking offers a promising path forward, but it remains limited by privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Thomas Fargues , Ye Dong , Tianwei Zhang , Jin-Song Dong

Existing integrity verification approaches for deep models are designed for private verification (i.e., assuming the service provider is honest, with white-box access to model parameters). However, private verification approaches do not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Shuo Wang , Sharif Abuadbba , Sidharth Agarwal , Kristen Moore , Ruoxi Sun , Minhui Xue , Surya Nepal , Seyit Camtepe , Salil Kanhere

We present a publicly-detectable watermarking scheme for LMs: the detection algorithm contains no secret information, and it is executable by anyone. We embed a publicly-verifiable cryptographic signature into LM output using rejection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jaiden Fairoze , Sanjam Garg , Somesh Jha , Saeed Mahloujifar , Mohammad Mahmoody , Mingyuan Wang

The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence across multiple industry sectors necessitates robust mechanisms for ensuring transparency, trust, and auditability of its development and deployment. This topic is particularly important…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Kar Balan , Robert Learney , Tim Wood

Putting a watermark into digital circuitry has its own set of challenges. Creating a secure watermark in printed matter usually involves including graphics that are difficult to reproduce. In circuitry, including additional circuitry that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-24 James Gil de Lamadrid , Seonho Choi

Watermarking data for source tracking applications by its owner can be unfair for recipients because the data owner may redistribute the same watermarked data to many users. Hence, each data recipient should know the watermark embedded in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Mesfer Mohammed Alqarni

Watermarking of large language models (LLMs) generation embeds an imperceptible statistical pattern within texts, making it algorithmically detectable. Watermarking is a promising method for addressing potential harm and biases from LLMs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lingjie Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Siyu Yuan , Zhining Liu , Tianxin Wei , Hyunsik Yoo , Zhichen Zeng , Deqing Yang , Hanghang Tong

Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

Securing digital text is becoming increasingly relevant due to the widespread use of large language models. Individuals' fear of losing control over data when it is being used to train such machine learning models or when distinguishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Malte Hellmeier

As an essential technology underpinning trusted computing, the trusted execution environment (TEE) allows one to launch computation tasks on both on- and off-premises data while assuring confidentiality and integrity. This article provides…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Xiaoguo Li , Bowen Zhao , Guomin Yang , Tao Xiang , Jian Weng , Robert H. Deng

Publicly verifiable delegation is a well-known problem involving a user who wishes to outsource a resource-intensive computational task to a more powerful but potentially untrusted server such that any other party is able to efficiently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ameer Mohammed , Aydin Abadi , Jaffer Mahdi

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou
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