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Recent research in explainability has given rise to numerous post-hoc attribution methods aimed at enhancing our comprehension of the outputs of black-box machine learning models. However, evaluating the quality of explanations lacks a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Samuel Sithakoul , Sara Meftah , Clément Feutry

The growing complexity of machine learning and deep learning models has led to an increased reliance on opaque "black box" systems, making it difficult to understand the rationale behind predictions. This lack of transparency is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Pratinav Seth , Yashwardhan Rathore , Neeraj Kumar Singh , Chintan Chitroda , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

The increasing demand for transparent and reliable models, particularly in high-stakes decision-making areas such as medical image analysis, has led to the emergence of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Post-hoc XAI techniques,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Junlin Hou , Sicen Liu , Yequan Bie , Hongmei Wang , Andong Tan , Luyang Luo , Hao Chen

Recently, there has been a surge of explainable AI (XAI) methods driven by the need for understanding machine learning model behaviors in high-stakes scenarios. However, properly evaluating the effectiveness of the XAI methods inevitably…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jiaqi Ma , Vivian Lai , Yiming Zhang , Chacha Chen , Paul Hamilton , Davor Ljubenkov , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Chenhao Tan

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques are increasingly important for the validation and responsible use of modern deep learning models, but are difficult to evaluate due to the lack of good ground-truth to compare against. We propose a framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amritpal Singh , Andrey Barsky , Mohamed Ali Souibgui , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas

Explainable AI (XAI) methods generally fall into two categories. Post-hoc approaches generate explanations for pre-trained models and are compatible with various neural network architectures. These methods often use feature importance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Piotr Borycki , Magdalena Trędowicz , Szymon Janusz , Jacek Tabor , Przemysław Spurek , Arkadiusz Lewicki , Łukasz Struski

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging research field bringing transparency to highly complex and opaque machine learning (ML) models. Despite the development of a multitude of methods to explain the decisions of black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Leander Weber , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Alexander Binder , Wojciech Samek

Explainable AI (XAI) has been proposed as a valuable tool to assist in downstream tasks involving human and AI collaboration. Perhaps the most psychologically valid XAI techniques are case based approaches which display 'whole' exemplars to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Eoin Kenny , Eoin Delaney , Mark Keane

With the wide adoption of black-box models, instance-based \emph{post hoc} explanation tools, such as LIME and SHAP became increasingly popular. These tools produce explanations, pinpointing contributions of key features associated with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Timen Stepišnik Perdih , Nada Lavrač , Blaž Škrlj

There have been several research works proposing new Explainable AI (XAI) methods designed to generate model explanations having specific properties, or desiderata, such as fidelity, robustness, or human-interpretability. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Sérgio Jesus , Catarina Belém , Vladimir Balayan , João Bento , Pedro Saleiro , Pedro Bizarro , João Gama

Black-box Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, e.g. deep neural networks, have been widely utilized to build predictive models that can extract complex relationships in a dataset and make predictions for new unseen data records. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Milad Moradi , Matthias Samwald

In recent years, Explainable AI (xAI) attracted a lot of attention as various countries turned explanations into a legal right. xAI allows for improving models beyond the accuracy metric by, e.g., debugging the learned pattern and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Mohamed Karim Belaid , Eyke Hüllermeier , Maximilian Rabus , Ralf Krestel

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly developed through advancements in computational power and the growth of massive datasets. However, this progress has also heightened challenges in interpreting the "black-box" nature of AI models. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Shilin Sun , Wenbin An , Feng Tian , Fang Nan , Qidong Liu , Jun Liu , Nazaraf Shah , Ping Chen

While several types of post hoc explanation methods have been proposed in recent literature, there is very little work on systematically benchmarking these methods. Here, we introduce OpenXAI, a comprehensive and extensible open-source…

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has predominantly focused on generating model-centric explanations that approximate the behavior of black-box models. However, such explanations often overlook a fundamental aspect of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Salvatore Greco , Jacek Karolczak , Roman Słowiński , Jerzy Stefanowski

Post-hoc explainability methods are a subset of Machine Learning (ML) that aim to provide a reason for why a model behaves in a certain way. In this paper, we show a new black-box model-agnostic adversarial attack for post-hoc explainable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Leonardo Pesce , Jiawen Wei , Gianmarco Mengaldo

In this paper I argue that the search for explainable models and interpretable decisions in AI must be reformulated in terms of the broader project of offering a pragmatic and naturalistic account of understanding in AI. Intuitively, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Andrés Páez

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to provide insights into the decisions made by AI models. To date, most XAI approaches provide only one-time, static explanations, which cannot cater to users' diverse knowledge levels and information needs.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Tong Zhang , Mengao Zhang , Wei Yan Low , X. Jessie Yang , Boyang Li

Post-hoc explainability methods aim to clarify predictions of black-box machine learning models. However, it is still largely unclear how well users comprehend the provided explanations and whether these increase the users ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Anahid Jalali , Bernhard Haslhofer , Simone Kriglstein , Andreas Rauber

Explainable AI (XAI) has achieved remarkable success in image classification, yet the audio domain lacks equally mature solutions. Current methods apply vision-based attribution techniques to spectrograms, overlooking fundamental…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Piotr Kawa , Kornel Howil , Piotr Borycki , Miłosz Adamczyk , Przemysław Spurek , Piotr Syga
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