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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become critical in enhancing the transparency and trustworthiness of AI systems, especially as these systems are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare and finance.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Shengxin Hong , Xiuyi Fan

Despite their success, Large-Language Models (LLMs) still face criticism due to their lack of interpretability. Traditional post-hoc interpretation methods, based on attention and gradient-based analysis, offer limited insights as they only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Francesco De Santis , Philippe Bich , Gabriele Ciravegna , Pietro Barbiero , Danilo Giordano , Tania Cerquitelli

The debate between self-interpretable models and post-hoc explanations for black-box models is central to Explainable AI (XAI). Self-interpretable models, such as concept-based networks, offer insights by connecting decisions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Shaobo Wang , Hongxuan Tang , Mingyang Wang , Hongrui Zhang , Xuyang Liu , Weiya Li , Xuming Hu , Linfeng Zhang

The evolving landscape of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to improve the interpretability of intricate machine learning (ML) models, yet faces challenges in formalisation and empirical validation, being an inherently…

The rationale behind a deep learning model's output is often difficult to understand by humans. EXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this by developing methods that improve interpretability and explainability of machine learning models.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rafaël Brandt , Daan Raatjens , Georgi Gaydadjiev

The field of 'explainable' artificial intelligence (XAI) has produced highly cited methods that seek to make the decisions of complex machine learning (ML) methods 'understandable' to humans, for example by attributing 'importance' scores…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Benedict Clark , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) plays a crucial role in enabling human understanding and trust in deep learning systems. As models get larger, more ubiquitous, and pervasive in aspects of daily life, explainability is necessary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Vinitra Swamy , Jibril Frej , Tanja Käser

Indecipherable black boxes are common in machine learning (ML), but applications increasingly require explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The core of XAI is to establish transparent and interpretable data-driven algorithms. This work…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Howard Heaton , Samy Wu Fung

The field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) often focuses on users with a strong technical background, making it challenging for non-experts to understand XAI methods. This paper presents "x-[plAIn]", a new approach to make XAI…

Most of the work on interpretable machine learning has focused on designing either inherently interpretable models, which typically trade-off accuracy for interpretability, or post-hoc explanation systems, whose explanation quality can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Gregory Plumb , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Angel Alexander Cabrera , Adam Perer , Eric Xing , Ameet Talwalkar

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is concerned with producing explanations indicating the inner workings of models. For a Rashomon set of similarly performing models, explanations provide a way of disambiguating the behavior of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Kaivalya Rawal , Eoin Delaney , Zihao Fu , Sandra Wachter , Chris Russell

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become increasingly significant for improving the interpretability and trustworthiness of machine learning models. While saliency maps have stolen the show for the last few years in the XAI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Antonin Poché , Lucas Hervier , Mohamed-Chafik Bakkay

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being applied in almost every field. At the same time, the currently dominant deep learning methods are fundamentally black-box systems that lack explanations for their inferences, significantly limiting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Martina Mattioli , Eike Petersen , Aasa Feragen , Marcello Pelillo , Siavash A. Bigdeli

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the subject, yet XAI still lacks shared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Rizzo , Alberto Veneri , Andrea Albarelli , Claudio Lucchese , Marco Nobile , Cristina Conati

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has continued to achieve tremendous success in recent times. However, the decision logic of these frameworks is often not transparent, making it difficult for stakeholders to understand, interpret or explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Fuseini Mumuni , Alhassan Mumuni

Both humans and machine learning models learn from experience, particularly in safety- and reliability-critical domains. While psychology seeks to understand human cognition, the field of Explainable AI (XAI) develops methods to interpret…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Roussel Rahman , Aashwin Ananda Mishra , Wan-Lin Hu

Modern AI systems frequently rely on opaque black-box models, most notably Deep Neural Networks, whose performance stems from complex architectures with millions of learned parameters. While powerful, their complexity poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Dembinsky , Adriano Lucieri , Stanislav Frolov , Hiba Najjar , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has aided machine learning (ML) researchers with the power of scrutinizing the decisions of the black-box models. XAI methods enable looking deep inside the models' behavior, eventually generating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Maraz Mia , Mir Mehedi A. Pritom

The field of "explainable artificial intelligence" (XAI) seemingly addresses the desire that decisions of machine learning systems should be human-understandable. However, in its current state, XAI itself needs scrutiny. Popular methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Stefan Haufe , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Rustam Zhumagambetov , Ahcène Boubekki , Jörg Martin , Danny Panknin

Explainable AI (XAI) in high-stakes domains should help stakeholders trust and verify system outputs. Yet Chain-of-Thought methods reason before concluding, and logical gaps or hallucinations can yield conclusions that do not reliably align…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Chen Qian , Yimeng Wang , Yu Chen , Lingfei Wu , Andreas Stathopoulos