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Generating explanations for reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging as actions may produce long-term effects on the future. In this paper, we develop a novel framework for explainable RL by learning a causal world model without prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zhongwei Yu , Jingqing Ruan , Dengpeng Xing

Test-time scaling methods have seen a rapid increase in popularity for its computational efficiency and parameter-independent training to improve reasoning performance on Large Language Models. One such method is called budget forcing, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ravindra Aribowo Tarunokusumo , Rafael Fernandes Cunha

Demonstration-guided reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for learning complex behaviors by leveraging both reward feedback and a set of target task demonstrations. Prior approaches for demonstration-guided RL treat every new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Karl Pertsch , Youngwoon Lee , Yue Wu , Joseph J. Lim

To enhance the interpretability of Reinforcement Learning (RL), we propose Revealing Evolutionary Action Consequence Trajectories (REACT). In contrast to the prevalent practice of validating RL models based on their optimal behavior learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Philipp Altmann , Céline Davignon , Maximilian Zorn , Fabian Ritz , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien , Thomas Gabor

Understanding the behavior of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents is crucial for improving their performance and reliability. However, the complexity of their policies often makes them challenging to understand. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Sindre Benjamin Remman , Anastasios M. Lekkas

It is known that reinforcement learning (RL) is data-hungry. To improve sample-efficiency of RL, it has been proposed that the learning algorithm utilize data from 'approximately similar' processes. However, since the process models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Vinay Kanakeri , Shivam Bajaj , Ashwin Verma , Vijay Gupta , Aritra Mitra

Single-task RL agents are typically trained under a fixed reward function, which limits their robustness to reward misspecification and their ability to adapt to changing preferences. We introduce Reward-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Michal Nauman , Marek Cygan , Pieter Abbeel

The integration of graphs with Goal-conditioned Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (GCHRL) has recently gained attention, as intermediate goals (subgoals) can be effectively sampled from graphs that naturally represent the overall task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shuyuan Zhang , Zihan Wang , Xiao-Wen Chang , Doina Precup

Injecting human knowledge is an effective way to accelerate reinforcement learning (RL). However, these methods are underexplored. This paper presents our discovery that an abstract forward model (thought-game (TG)) combined with transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Ruo-Ze Liu , Haifeng Guo , Xiaozhong Ji , Yang Yu , Zhen-Jia Pang , Zitai Xiao , Yuzhou Wu , Tong Lu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is emerging as a powerful paradigm for enabling large language models (LLMs) to perform complex reasoning tasks. Recent advances indicate that integrating RL with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) allows LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Wentao Jiang , Xiang Feng , Zengmao Wang , Yong Luo , Pingbo Xu , Zhe Chen , Bo Du , Jing Zhang

Role-Playing Language Agents (RPLAs) have emerged as a significant application direction for Large Language Models (LLMs). Existing approaches typically rely on prompt engineering or supervised fine-tuning to enable models to imitate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Cheng Liu , Yifei Lu , Fanghua Ye , Jian Li , Xingyu Chen , Feiliang Ren , Zhaopeng Tu , Xiaolong Li

Reinforcement learning (RL) is increasingly applied to real-world problems involving complex and structured decisions, such as routing, scheduling, and assortment planning. These settings challenge standard RL algorithms, which struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Heiko Hoppe , Léo Baty , Louis Bouvier , Axel Parmentier , Maximilian Schiffer

This paper advocates the exploration of the full state of recorded real-time strategy (RTS) games, by human or robotic players, to discover how to reason about tactics and strategy. We present a dataset of StarCraft games encompassing the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-11-20 Gabriel Synnaeve , Pierre Bessiere

In this paper, we investigate code-integrated reasoning, where models generate code when necessary and integrate feedback by executing it through a code interpreter. To acquire this capability, models must learn when and how to use external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Fei Bai , Yingqian Min , Beichen Zhang , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Zheng Liu , Zhongyuan Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Many problems in Reinforcement Learning (RL) seek an optimal policy with large discrete multidimensional yet unordered action spaces; these include problems in randomized allocation of resources such as placements of multiple security…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Changyu Chen , Ramesha Karunasena , Thanh Hong Nguyen , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham

We propose a novel way to integrate control techniques with reinforcement learning (RL) for stability, robustness, and generalization: leveraging contraction theory to realize modularity in neural control, which ensures that combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Bing Song , Jean-Jacques Slotine , Quang-Cuong Pham

With advances in reinforcement learning (RL), agents are now being developed in high-stakes application domains such as healthcare and transportation. Explaining the behavior of these agents is challenging, as the environments in which they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Elisabeth André , Ofra Amir

StarCraft II is a complex and dynamic real-time strategy (RTS) game environment, which is very suitable for artificial intelligence and reinforcement learning research. To address the problem of Large Language Model(LLM) learning in complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xiaojie Xu , Zongyuan Li , Chang Lu , Runnan Qi , Yanan Ni , Lumin Jiang , Xiangbei Liu , Xuebo Zhang , Yongchun Fang , Kuihua Huang , Xian Guo , Zhanghua Wu , Zhenya Li

We present a new model-based algorithm for reinforcement learning (RL) which consists of explicit exploration and exploitation phases, and is applicable in large or infinite state spaces. The algorithm maintains a set of dynamics models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Mikael Henaff

The project's aim is to create an AI agent capable of selecting good actions in a game-playing domain called Battlespace. Sequential domains like Battlespace are important testbeds for planning problems, as such, the Department of Defense…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Sujay Nagesh Koujalgi , Jonathan Dodge
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