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Continual adaptation to domain shifts at test time (CTTA) is crucial for enhancing the intelligence of deep learning enabled IoT applications. However, prevailing TTA methods, which typically update all batch normalization (BN) layers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Youbing Hu , Yun Cheng , Zimu Zhou , Anqi Lu , Zhiqiang Cao , Zhijun Li

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition but degrade significantly under \textit{temporally evolving distribution shifts} common in real-world scenarios (e.g., gradual illumination or seasonal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Shuang Cui , Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Xiongxin Tang , Jiangmeng Li , Jiahuan Zhou , Fanjiang Xu , Fuchun Sun , Hui Xiong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has shown to be effective at tackling distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model on test samples. However, the online model updating of TTA may be unstable and this is often a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Zhiquan Wen , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP enable strong zero-shot recognition but suffer substantial degradation under distribution shifts. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to improve robustness using only unlabeled test samples, yet most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sanggeon Yun , Ryozo Masukawa , SungHeon Jeong , Wenjun Huang , Hanning Chen , Mohsen Imani

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) seeks to update a pretrained model during deployment using only the incoming, unlabeled data stream. Although prior approaches such as Tent, EATA etc. provide meaningful improvements under short…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Himanshu Mishra

Entropy minimization (EM) is frequently used to increase the accuracy of classification models when they're faced with new data at test time. EM is a self-supervised learning method that optimizes classifiers to assign even higher…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Ori Press , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Yann LeCun , Matthias Bethge

While there are many advantages to deploying machine learning models on edge devices, the resource constraints of mobile platforms, the dynamic nature of the environment, and differences between the distribution of training versus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Cynthia Dong , Hong Jia , Young D. Kwon , Georgios Rizos , Cecilia Mascolo

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) adapts pre-trained models using only unlabeled test streams, requiring real-time inference and update without access to source data. We propose StructuralTest-time Alignment of Gradients (STAG), a lightweight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Juhyeon Shin , Yujin Oh , Jonghyun Lee , Saehyung Lee , Minjun Park , Dongjun Lee , Uiwon Hwang , Sungroh Yoon

Semantic segmentation models trained on synthetic data often perform poorly on real-world images due to domain gaps, particularly in adverse conditions where labeled data is scarce. Yet, recent foundation models enable to generate realistic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Estelle Chigot , Dennis G. Wilson , Meriem Ghrib , Thomas Oberlin

Test-time adaptive (TTA) semantic segmentation adapts a source pre-trained image semantic segmentation model to unlabeled batches of target domain test images, different from real-world, where samples arrive one-by-one in an online fashion.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Debasmit Das , Shubhankar Borse , Hyojin Park , Kambiz Azarian , Hong Cai , Risheek Garrepalli , Fatih Porikli

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for tackling the robustness challenge under distribution shifts. However, the lack of consistent settings and systematic studies in prior literature hinders thorough…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Hao Zhao , Yuejiang Liu , Alexandre Alahi , Tao Lin

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to adjust to distribution shift by learning from unlabeled test-time streams. However, existing methods typically treat these streams as independent samples, overlooking the supervisory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Young Kyung Kim , Oded Schlesinger , Qiangqiang Wu , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTA) is a challenging task that aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. In the CTA setting, a model does not know when the target domain changes, thus facing a drastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Inseop Chung , Kyomin Hwang , Jayeon Yoo , Nojun Kwak

Despite their success in various vision tasks, deep neural network architectures often underperform in out-of-distribution scenarios due to the difference between training and target domain style. To address this limitation, we introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Robin Gerster , Holger Caesar , Matthias Rapp , Alexander Wolpert , Michael Teutsch

In this paper, we seek to develop a versatile test-time adaptation (TTA) objective for a variety of tasks - classification and regression across image-, object-, and pixel-level predictions. We achieve this through a self-bootstrapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Shuaicheng Niu , Guohao Chen , Peilin Zhao , Tianyi Wang , Pengcheng Wu , Zhiqi Shen

This paper focuses on the Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task, aiming to enable an agent to continuously adapt to evolving target domains while retaining previously acquired domain knowledge for effective reuse when those domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 JianChao Zhao , Chenhao Ding , Songlin Dong , Jiangyang Li , Qiang Wang , Yuhang He , Yihong Gong

Adaptation of pretrained vision-language models such as CLIP to various downstream tasks have raised great interest in recent researches. Previous works have proposed a variety of test-time adaptation (TTA) methods to achieve strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Taolin Zhang , Jinpeng Wang , Hang Guo , Tao Dai , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia

Test time Adaptation is a promising approach for mitigating domain shift in medical image segmentation; however, current evaluations remain limited in terms of modality coverage, task diversity, and methodological consistency. We present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Wenjing Yu , Shuo Jiang , Yifei Chen , Shuo Chang , Yuanhan Wang , Beining Wu , Jie Dong , Mingxuan Liu , Shenghao Zhu , Feiwei Qin , Changmiao Wang , Qiyuan Tian