Related papers: Potentials and fields of a charge set suddenly fro…
It is well-known that the electric and magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effects may be formally described on equal footing using the four-vector potential in a relativistic framework. We propose an illustrative manifestation of both effects in a…
To describe charged particles interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field, we point out the differences of working in the so-called generalized and the true Coulomb gauges. We find an explicit gauge transformation between them for…
It is generally expected from intuition that the electromagnetic force exerted on a charged particle should remain unchanged when observed in different reference frames in uniform translational motion. In the special relativity, this…
We describe the potential produced by a point electric charge placed into a constant magnetic field, so strong that the electron Larmour length is much shorter than its Compton length. The standard Coulomb law is modified due to the vacuum…
We derive an arbitrary-gauge criterion under which condensed matter within an electromagnetic field may transition to a photon condensed phase. Previous results are recovered by selecting the Coulomb-gauge wherein photon condensation can…
The Coulomb force, established in the rest frame of a source-charge $Q$, when transformed to a new frame moving with a velocity $\vec{V}$ has a form $\vec{F}= q\vec{{E}} + q\vec{v} \times \vec{{B}}$, where $\vec{{E}}=\vec{E}'_\parallel +…
The existence of gauge conditions involving second-order derivatives of potentials is not well known in classical electrodynamics. We introduce one of these gauges, the Coulomb static gauge, in which the scalar potential is given by the…
The Schr\"{o}dinger equation of a charged particle in a uniform electric field can be specified in either a time-independent or a time-dependent gauge. The wave-function solutions in these two gauges are related by a phase-factor reflecting…
Retarded potentials of a point-charge are considered, and new ones presented, including potentials of a point-charge moving at the speed of light. The Lienard-Wiechert potential (together with the usual retardation condition) is only one of…
The concept of gauge invariance in classical electrodynamics assumes tacitly that Maxwell's equations have unique solutions. By calculating the electromagnetic field of a moving particle both in Lorenz and in Coulomb gauge and directly from…
We provide for the first time the exact solution of Maxwell's equations for a massless charged particle moving on a generic trajectory at the speed of light. In particular we furnish explicit expressions for the vector potential and the…
The Coulomb potential produced by an ultrarelativistic particle (such as a heavy ion) in uniform motion is shown in the appropriate gauge to factorize into a longitudinal Dirac delta function of (z - t) times the simple two dimensional…
In classical electrodynamics all the measurable quantities can be derived from the gauge invariant Faraday tensor $F_{\alpha\beta}$. Nevertheless, it is often advantageous to work with gauge dependent variables. In [4],[2] and [8], and in…
We present a manifestly covariant formulation of relativistic electromagnetism, focusing on the computation of electromagnetic fields from moving charges in a manifestly Lorentz-covariant manner. The electromagnetic field at a given…
Nonlinear Maxwell equations are written up to the third-power deviations from a constant-field background, valid within any local nonlinear electrodynamics including QED with a Euler-Heisenberg (EH) effective Lagrangian. The linear electric…
The modification of the Coulomb potential due to the enhancement of loop corrections in a superstrong magnetic field is studied numerically. We calculate the modified potential with high precision and obtain the pattern of equipotential…
In an external constant magnetic field, so strong that the electron Larmour length is much shorter than its Compton length, we consider the modification of the Coulomb potential of a point charge owing to the vacuum polarization. We…
The length gauge uses a scalar potential to describe a laser field, thus treating it as a longitudinal field rather than as a transverse field. This distinction is revealed in the fact that the Maxwell equations that relate to the length…
We investigate quantum electrodynamic effects under the influence of an external, time-dependent electromagnetic field, which mediates dynamic modifications of the radiative corrections. Specifically, we consider the quantum electrodynamic…
With appropriate gauge transformations, field can replace electric charge in quarks. Classical quarks, in a necessary non-gauge invariant formulation, are used for illustration, bringing to the fore the limitations of the usual electric…