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Because many of our X-ray telescopes are optimized towards observing faint sources, observations of bright sources like X-ray binaries in outburst are often affected by instrumental biases. These effects include dead time and photon…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-22 D. Huppenkothen , M. Bachetti

Luminous $z\ge7$ quasars provide direct probes of the evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the epoch of reionization (EoR). The Ly$\alpha$ damping wing absorption imprinted by neutral…

Simulation Based Inference (SBI) is shown to yield more accurate resonance parameter estimates than traditional chi-squared minimization in certain cases of model misspecification, demonstrated through a case study of pi-pi scattering and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-07-28 Daniel Sadasivan , Isaac Cordero , Andrew Graham , Cecilia Marsh , Daniel Kupcho , Melana Mourad , Maxim Mai

Simulation-based inference (SBI) allows fast Bayesian inference for simulators encoding implicit likelihoods. However, some explicit likelihoods cannot be easily reformulated as simulators, hindering their integration into combined analyses…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-19 Guillermo Franco Abellán , Noemi Anau Montel , Oleg Savchenko , Christoph Weniger

Scientists and engineers employ stochastic numerical simulators to model empirically observed phenomena. In contrast to purely statistical models, simulators express scientific principles that provide powerful inductive biases, improve…

We represent the reionization history of the universe as a free function in redshift and study the potential for its extraction from CMB polarization spectra. From a principal component analysis, we show that the ionization history…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-12 Wayne Hu , Gilbert P. Holder

Diffusion models have recently emerged as powerful learners for simulation-based inference (SBI), enabling fast and accurate estimation of latent parameters from simulated and real data. Their score-based formulation offers a flexible way…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-30 Jonas Arruda , Niels Bracher , Ullrich Köthe , Jan Hasenauer , Stefan T. Radev

A growing family of approaches to causal inference rely on Bayesian formulations of assumptions that go beyond causal graph structure. For example, Bayesian approaches have been developed for analyzing instrumental variable designs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Sam Witty , David Jensen , Vikash Mansinghka

For complex simulation problems, inferring parameters often precludes the use of classical likelihood-based techniques due to intractable likelihoods. Simulation-based inference (SBI) methods offer a likelihood-free approach to directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Haley Rosso , Talea Mayo

Simulation-based inference (SBI) is a promising approach to leverage high fidelity cosmological simulations and extract information from the non-Gaussian, non-linear scales that cannot be modeled analytically. However, scaling SBI to the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-27 Chirag Modi , Shivam Pandey , Matthew Ho , ChangHoon Hahn , Bruno R'egaldo-Saint Blancard , Benjamin Wandelt

Ionizing sources embedded in the neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) before cosmological reionization generate discrete HII regions. We show that a sufficiently bright quasar (for example, one tenth as luminous as that recently discovered by…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Renyue Cen , Zoltan Haiman

Extracting maximum cosmological information from current and upcoming large-scale structure data requires going beyond summary statistics as currently used in likelihood-based inference. Simulation-Based Inference (SBI) promises to enable…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-27 Giulio Scelfo , Satvik Mishra , Mauro Rigo , Roberto Trotta , Matteo Viel

\textit{What is the cosmological information content of a cubic Gigaparsec of dark matter? } Extracting cosmological information from the non-linear matter distribution has high potential to tighten parameter constraints in the era of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-04 Anirban Bairagi , Benjamin Wandelt

(Abridged) Simulation-based inference (SBI) has emerged as a powerful framework for extracting cosmological information from complex, non-linear data where analytical likelihoods are unavailable. Its reliability is commonly assessed using…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-07 Toka Alokda , Cristiano Porciani , Alexander Eggemeier

Single-molecule force spectroscopy (smFS) is a powerful approach to studying molecular self-organization. However, the coupling of the molecule with the ever-present experimental device introduces artifacts, that complicates the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-04-25 Lars Dingeldein , Pilar Cossio , Roberto Covino

Simulation-Based Inference (SBI) is an approach to statistical inference where simulations from an assumed model are used to construct estimators and confidence sets. SBI is often used when the likelihood is intractable and to construct…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-05 Lorenzo Tomaselli , Valérie Ventura , Larry Wasserman

Following Bi & Davidsen (1997), we perform one dimensional semi analytic simulations along the lines of sight to model the intergalactic medium (IGM). Since this procedure is computationally efficient in probing the parameter space -- and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 T. Roy Choudhury , R. Srianand , T. Padmanabhan

Several different methods are regularly used to infer the properties of the neutral interstellar medium (ISM) using atomic hydrogen (H I) 21cm absorption and emission spectra. In this work, we study various techniques used for inferring ISM…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-11-27 Soumyadeep Bhattacharjee , Nirupam Roy , Prateek Sharma , Amit Seta , Christoph Federrath

We use the dispersion measure (DM) of localised Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) to constrain cosmological and host galaxy parameters using simulation-based inference (SBI) for the first time. By simulating the large-scale structure of the electron…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-25 Koustav Konar , Robert Reischke , Steffen Hagstotz , Andrina Nicola , Hendrik Hildebrandt

Ly$\alpha$ damping wings in the spectra of bright objects at high redshift are a useful probe of the ionization state of the intergalactic medium during the reionization epoch. It has recently been noted that, despite the inhomogeneous…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-24 Laura C. Keating , Ewald Puchwein , James S. Bolton , Martin G. Haehnelt , Girish Kulkarni