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We present a systematic introduction to first-order optimality conditions for mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPECs), emphasizing the limitations of classical nonlinear programming techniques. The goal is twofold. First,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-04 Louis Shuo Wang

In many applications, including Stackelberg games, machine learning, and power systems \cite{Mackay2018Selftuning,Heinrich1952The,Wang2021Bi-Level}, the decisions in a minimax optimization problem can be constrained by a solution to an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Yaling Hu , Jiani Wang , Yu-hong Dai , Xiaojiao Tong

The cardinality constrained optimization problem (CCOP) is an optimization problem where the maximum number of nonzero components of any feasible point is bounded. In this paper, we consider CCOP as a mathematical program with disjunctive…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-20 Zhuoyu Xiao , Jane J. Ye

Bilevel linear programming (LP) is one of the simplest classes of bilevel optimization problems, yet it is known to be NP-hard in general. Specifically, determining whether the optimal objective value of a bilevel LP is at least as good as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Nagisa Sugishita , Margarida Carvalho

A standard quadratic program is an optimization problem that consists of minimizing a (nonconvex) quadratic form over the unit simplex. We focus on reformulating a standard quadratic program as a mixed integer linear programming problem. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-05 Jacek Gondzio , E. Alper Yildirim

Bilevel optimization has found successful applications in various machine learning problems, including hyper-parameter optimization, data cleaning, and meta-learning. However, its huge computational cost presents a significant challenge for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiaoyu Wang , Rui Pan , Renjie Pi , Jipeng Zhang

Linear bilevel programs (linear BLPs) have been widely used in computational mathematics and optimization in several applications. Single-level reformulation for linear BLPs replaces the lower-level linear program with its…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-18 Saeed Mohammadi , Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh , Steven A. Gabriel , Dina Khastieva

This paper is concerned with the derivation of first- and second-order sufficient optimality conditions for optimistic bilevel optimization problems involving smooth functions. First-order sufficient optimality conditions are obtained by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-06 Patrick Mehlitz , Alain B. Zemkoho

In this paper, we have studied a decomposition method for solving a class of nonconvex two-stage stochastic programs, where both the objective and constraints of the second-stage problem are nonlinearly parameterized by the first-stage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-11-16 Hanyang Li , Ying Cui

Hyperparameter tuning is an important task of machine learning, which can be formulated as a bilevel program (BLP). However, most existing algorithms are not applicable for BLP with non-smooth lower-level problems. To address this, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-04 He Chen , Haochen Xu , Rujun Jiang , Anthony Man-Cho So

It is well known that bilevel optimization problems are hard to solve both in theory and practice. In this paper, we highlight a further computational difficulty when it comes to solving bilevel problems with continuous but nonconvex lower…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Yasmine Beck , Daniel Bienstock , Martin Schmidt , Johannes Thürauf

Mathematical programs with vanishing constraints (MPVCs) are a class of nonlinear optimization problems with applications to various engineering problems such as truss topology design and robot motion planning. MPVCs are difficult problems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-30 Tim Hoheisel , Blanca Pablos , Aram-Alexandre Pooladian , Alexandra Schwartz , Luke Steverango

We introduce the Morse parametric qualification condition for bilevel programming. Generic semi-algebraic functions are Morse parametric in a piecewise sense. Thus, bilevel programs with a Morse parametric lower level constitute a relevant…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Jérôme Bolte , Quoc-Tung Le , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter

In this paper, we study the mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) formulated as a mathematical program with a parametric generalized equation involving the regular normal cone. Compared with the usual way of formulating…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-24 Helmut Gfrerer , Jane J. Ye

This paper investigates simple bilevel optimization problems where we minimize an upper-level objective over the optimal solution set of a convex lower-level objective. Existing methods for such problems either only guarantee asymptotic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Pengyu Chen , Xu Shi , Rujun Jiang , Jiulin Wang

Optimization problems with uncertainty in the constraints occur in many applications. Particularly, probability functions present a natural form to deal with this situation. Nevertheless, in some cases, the resulting probability functions…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-25 Wim van Ackooij , Pedro Pérez-Aros , Claudia Soto , Emilio Vilches

Bilevel optimization has witnessed a resurgence of interest, driven by its critical role in trustworthy and efficient AI applications. While many recent works have established convergence to stationary points or local minima, obtaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

The most common procedure to solve a linear bilevel problem in the PES community is, by far, to transform it into an equivalent single-level problem by replacing the lower level with its KKT optimality conditions. Then, the complementarity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-28 Salvador Pineda , Juan Miguel Morales

In this paper, we present difference of convex algorithms for solving bilevel programs in which the upper level objective functions are difference of convex functions, and the lower level programs are fully convex. This nontrivial class of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Jane J. Ye , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

This paper is devoted to the study of the metric subregularity constraint qualification (MSCQ) for general optimization problems, with the emphasis on the nonconvex setting. We elaborate on notions of directional pseudo- and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-26 Matúš Benko , Michal Červinka , Tim Hoheisel