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In this paper we study the quantum learnability of constant-depth classical circuits under the uniform distribution and in the distribution-independent framework of PAC learning. In order to attain our results, we establish connections…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-20 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Alex B. Grilo , Aarthi Sundaram

Encoding classical data into quantum states is a central bottleneck in quantum machine learning: many widely used encodings are circuit-inefficient, requiring deep circuits and substantial quantum resources, which limits scalability on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Guang Lin , Toshihisa Tanaka , Qibin Zhao

Quantum secret-sharing and quantum error-correction schemes rely on multipartite decoding protocols, yet the non-local operations involved are challenging and sometimes infeasible. Here we construct a quantum secret-sharing protocol with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-02 Vlad Gheorghiu , Barry C. Sanders

We introduce a new family of quantum circuits for which the scrambling of a subspace of non-local operators is classically simulable. We call these circuits `super-Clifford circuits', since the Heisenberg time evolution of these operators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-22 Mike Blake , Noah Linden

Fully homomorphic encryption is an encryption method with the property that any computation on the plaintext can be performed by a party having access to the ciphertext only. Here, we formally define and give schemes for quantum homomorphic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-11 Anne Broadbent , Stacey Jeffery

We construct a polynomial-time classical algorithm that samples from the output distribution of noisy geometrically local Clifford circuits with any product-state input and single-qubit measurements in any basis. Our results apply to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Dominik Hangleiter , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum computing has attracted much attention in recent decades, since it is believed to solve certain problems substantially faster than traditional computing methods. Theoretically, such an advance can be obtained by networks of the…

Optics · Physics 2022-12-21 Yifan Sun , Qian Li , Ling-Jun Kong , Jiangwei Shang , Xiangdong Zhang

Clifford circuits -- i.e. circuits composed of only CNOT, Hadamard, and $\pi/4$ phase gates -- play a central role in the study of quantum computation. However, their computational power is limited: a well-known result of Gottesman and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-21 Adam Bouland , Joseph F. Fitzsimons , Dax Enshan Koh

Quantum data loading plays a central role in quantum algorithms and quantum information processing. Many quantum algorithms hinge on the ability to prepare arbitrary superposition states as a subroutine, with claims of exponential speedups…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Chun-Tse Li , Hao-Chung Cheng

Random unitaries are a central object of study in quantum information, with applications to quantum computation, quantum many-body physics, and quantum cryptography. Recent work has constructed unitary designs and pseudorandom unitaries…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Ben Foxman , Natalie Parham , Francisca Vasconcelos , Henry Yuen

Data encoding remains a fundamental bottleneck in quantum machine learning, where amplitude encoding of high-dimensional classical vectors into quantum states incurs exponential cost. In this work, we propose a pre-trained tensor-train (TT)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Jun Qi , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Pin-Yu Chen , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

As quantum computers continue to become more capable, the possibilities of their applications increase. For example, quantum techniques are being integrated with classical neural networks to perform machine learning. In order to be used in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-03 Nidhi Munikote

Utilizing a quantum system for reservoir computing has recently received a lot of attention. Key challenges are related to how on can optimally en- and decode classical information, as well as what constitutes a good reservoir. Our main…

Modern cyberattacks are increasingly complex, posing significant challenges to classical machine learning methods, particularly when labeled data is limited and feature interactions are highly non-linear. In this study we investigates the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Jessica A. Sciammarelli , Waqas Ahmed

Modern programming relies on our ability to treat preprogrammed functions as black boxes - we can invoke them as subroutines without knowing their physical implementation. Here we show it is generally impossible to execute an unknown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-11 Jayne Thompson , Mile Gu , Kavan Modi , Vlatko Vedral

In this article we investigate the possibility of encoding classical information onto multipartite quantum states in the distant laboratory framework. We show that for all states generated by Clifford operation there always exist such an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-23 Yu Tanaka , Damian Markham , Mio Murao

Quantum circuit complexity-a measure of the minimum number of gates needed to implement a given unitary transformation-is a fundamental concept in quantum computation, with widespread applications ranging from determining the running time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Kaifeng Bu , Roy J. Garcia , Arthur Jaffe , Dax Enshan Koh , Lu Li

Given an output wavefunction of a monitored quantum circuit consisting of both unitary gates and projective measurements, we ask whether two complementary subsystems are entangled or not. For Clifford circuits, we find that this question…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-21 Beni Yoshida

This paper introduces quantum circuit $C^*$-algebra net, which provides a connection between $C^*$-algebra nets proposed in classical machine learning and quantum circuits. Using $C^*$-algebra, a generalization of the space of complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Yuka Hashimoto , Ryuichiro Hataya

We show that concrete hardness assumptions about learning or cloning the output state of a random quantum circuit can be used as the foundation for secure quantum cryptography. In particular, under these assumptions we construct secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Bill Fefferman , Soumik Ghosh , Makrand Sinha , Henry Yuen
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