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Large genomic and imaging datasets can be used to train models that learn meaningful representations of cellular systems. Across domains, model performance improves predictably with dataset size and compute budget, providing a basis for…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-23 Gokul Gowri , Igor Sadalski , Dan Raviv , Peng Yin , Jonathan Rosenfeld , Allon M. Klein

Downstream scaling laws aim to predict task performance at larger scales from the model's performance at smaller scales. Whether such prediction should be possible is unclear: some works discover clear linear scaling trends after simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Nicholas Lourie , Michael Y. Hu , Kyunghyun Cho

While the scaling laws of large language models (LLMs) training have been extensively studied, optimal inference configurations of LLMs remain underexplored. We study inference scaling laws (aka test-time scaling laws) and compute-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yangzhen Wu , Zhiqing Sun , Shanda Li , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) highlight a strong connection between intelligence and compression. Learned image compression, a fundamental task in modern data compression, has made significant progress in recent years.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuqi Li , Haotian Zhang , Li Li , Dong Liu , Feng Wu

The performance of embodied agents has been shown to improve by increasing model parameters, dataset size, and compute. This has been demonstrated in domains from robotics to video games, when generative learning objectives on offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Tim Pearce , Tabish Rashid , Dave Bignell , Raluca Georgescu , Sam Devlin , Katja Hofmann

Large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable advances in recent years, with scaling laws playing a critical role in this rapid progress. In this paper, we empirically investigate how a critical hyper-parameter, i.e., the global batch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Xian Shuai , Yiding Wang , Yimeng Wu , Xin Jiang , Xiaozhe Ren

This paper investigates the classification capability of small-scale spiking neural networks based on the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron model. We analyze the relationship between classification accuracy and three factors: the number…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-22 Zhengdi Zhang , Cong Han , Wenjun Xia

Large foundation models are typically trained on data from multiple domains, with the data mixture--the proportion of each domain used--playing a critical role in model performance. The standard approach to selecting this mixture relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Mustafa Shukor , Louis Bethune , Dan Busbridge , David Grangier , Enrico Fini , Alaaeldin El-Nouby , Pierre Ablin

The ever-growing ecosystem of LLMs has posed a challenge in selecting the most appropriate pre-trained model to fine-tune amidst a sea of options. Given constrained resources, fine-tuning all models and making selections afterward is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Haowei Lin , Baizhou Huang , Haotian Ye , Qinyu Chen , Zihao Wang , Sujian Li , Jianzhu Ma , Xiaojun Wan , James Zou , Yitao Liang

Large language models can now generate political messages as persuasive as those written by humans, raising concerns about how far this persuasiveness may continue to increase with model size. Here, we generate 720 persuasive messages on 10…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Kobi Hackenburg , Ben M. Tappin , Paul Röttger , Scott Hale , Jonathan Bright , Helen Margetts

Scaling-law has guided the language model designing for past years, however, it is worth noting that the scaling laws of NLP cannot be directly applied to RecSys due to the following reasons: (1) The amount of training samples and model…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Xiao Lv , Jiangxia Cao , Shijie Guan , Xiaoyou Zhou , Zhiguang Qi , Yaqiang Zang , Ming Li , Ben Wang , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou

Power-law scaling, a central concept in critical phenomena, is found to be useful in deep learning, where optimized test errors on handwritten digit examples converge as a power-law to zero with database size. For rapid decision making with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Yuval Meir , Shira Sardi , Shiri Hodassman , Karin Kisos , Itamar Ben-Noam , Amir Goldental , Ido Kanter

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success. A key factor behind this success is the scaling law observed by OpenAI. Specifically, for models with Transformer architecture, the test loss exhibits a power-law…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yifang Chen , Xuyang Guo , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Inspired by the exceptional general intelligence of Large Language Models (LLMs), researchers have begun to explore their application in pioneering the next generation of recommender systems - systems that are conversational, explainable,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Wensheng Lu , Jianxun Lian , Wei Zhang , Guanghua Li , Mingyang Zhou , Hao Liao , Xing Xie

Deep learning has recently revealed the existence of scaling laws, demonstrating that model performance follows predictable trends based on dataset and model sizes. Inspired by these findings and fascinating phenomena emerging in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Mattia Rosso , Simone Rossi , Giulio Franzese , Markus Heinonen , Maurizio Filippone

Recent advancements in autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant milestones, largely attributed to their scalability, often referred to as the "scaling law". Inspired by these achievements, there has been a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Bencheng Yan , Shilei Liu , Zhiyuan Zeng , Zihao Wang , Yizhen Zhang , Yujin Yuan , Langming Liu , Jiaqi Liu , Di Wang , Wenbo Su , Wang Pengjie , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in a wide range of tasks, leading to increasing attention towards the research on how scaling LLMs affects their performance. Existing works, termed Scaling Laws, have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yizhe Xiong , Xiansheng Chen , Xin Ye , Hui Chen , Zijia Lin , Haoran Lian , Zhenpeng Su , Wei Huang , Jianwei Niu , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Larger models learn tasks smaller models do not. What drives this phenomenon? We develop a simple phenomenological argument that power-law scaling already suggests that a larger model will be able to learn a part of the data distribution…

When using Large Language Models (LLMs) to support Knowledge Graph Engineering (KGE), one of the first indications when searching for an appropriate model is its size. According to the scaling laws, larger models typically show higher…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Desiree Heim , Lars-Peter Meyer , Markus Schröder , Johannes Frey , Andreas Dengel