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While score-based generative models (SGMs) have achieved remarkable success in enormous image generation tasks, their mathematical foundations are still limited. In this paper, we analyze the approximation and generalization of SGMs in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-26 Frank Cole , Yulong Lu

In this work, we investigated the application of score-based gradient learning in discriminative and generative classification settings. Score function can be used to characterize data distribution as an alternative to density. It can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Yongchao Huang

Diffusion models are gaining widespread use in cutting-edge image, video, and audio generation. Score-based diffusion models stand out among these methods, necessitating the estimation of score function of the input data distribution. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Fangzhao Zhang , Mert Pilanci

Most existing generative models are limited to learning a single probability distribution from the training data and cannot generalize to novel distributions for unseen data. An architecture that can generate samples from both trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Xinyu Liao , Aoyang Qin , Jacob Seidman , Junqi Wang , Wei Wang , Paris Perdikaris

Score diffusion methods can learn probability densities from samples. The score of the noise-corrupted density is estimated using a deep neural network, which is then used to iteratively transport a Gaussian white noise density to a target…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zahra Kadkhodaie , Stéphane Mallat , Eero P. Simoncelli

Diffusion models generate high-dimensional data with remarkable quality, yet how their training efficiently learns the score function, bypassing the curse of dimensionality when data is supported on low-dimensional manifolds, remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Wei Huang , Andi Han , Mingyuan Bai , Huanjian Zhou , Qixin Zhang , Taiji Suzuki , Kenji Fukumizu

Score-based generative models have demonstrated significant practical success in data-generating tasks. The models establish a diffusion process that perturbs the ground truth data to Gaussian noise and then learn the reverse process to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Ziqing Wen , Xiaoge Deng , Ping Luo , Tao Sun , Dongsheng Li

Score-based diffusion models provide a powerful way to model images using the gradient of the data distribution. Leveraging the learned score function as a prior, here we introduce a way to sample data from a conditional distribution given…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Hyungjin Chung , Jong Chul Ye

We present a novel method for training score-based generative models which uses nonlinear noising dynamics to improve learning of structured distributions. Generalizing to a nonlinear drift allows for additional structure to be incorporated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-10 Jeremiah Birrell , Markos A. Katsoulakis , Luc Rey-Bellet , Benjamin J. Zhang , Wei Zhu

Score-based diffusion models are a highly effective method for generating samples from a distribution of images. We consider scenarios where the training data comes from a noisy version of the target distribution, and present an efficiently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-30 Dennis Elbrächter , Giovanni S. Alberti , Matteo Santacesaria

Score estimation is the backbone of score-based generative models (SGMs), especially denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs). A key result in this area shows that with accurate score estimates, SGMs can efficiently generate samples…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-08 Sinho Chewi , Alkis Kalavasis , Anay Mehrotra , Omar Montasser

We introduce a new generative model where samples are produced via Langevin dynamics using gradients of the data distribution estimated with score matching. Because gradients can be ill-defined and hard to estimate when the data resides on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Yang Song , Stefano Ermon

While score based generative models, or diffusion models, have found success in image synthesis, they are often coupled with text data or image label to be able to manipulate and conditionally generate images. Even though manipulation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Sandesh Ghimire , Armand Comas , Davin Hill , Aria Masoomi , Octavia Camps , Jennifer Dy

Deep Generative Models are frequently used to learn continuous representations of complex data distributions using a finite number of samples. For any generative model, including pre-trained foundation models with Diffusion or Transformer…

This paper investigates score-based diffusion models when the underlying target distribution is concentrated on or near low-dimensional manifolds within the higher-dimensional space in which they formally reside, a common characteristic of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Gen Li , Yuling Yan

In this work, we look at Score-based generative models (also called diffusion generative models) from a geometric perspective. From a new view point, we prove that both the forward and backward process of adding noise and generating from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Sandesh Ghimire , Jinyang Liu , Armand Comas , Davin Hill , Aria Masoomi , Octavia Camps , Jennifer Dy

A valuable step in the modeling of multiscale dynamical systems in fields such as computational chemistry, biology, materials science and more, is the representative sampling of the phase space over long timescales of interest; this task is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Ellis R. Crabtree , Juan M. Bello-Rivas , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

Diffusion models achieve state-of-the-art performance in various generation tasks. However, their theoretical foundations fall far behind. This paper studies score approximation, estimation, and distribution recovery of diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Minshuo Chen , Kaixuan Huang , Tuo Zhao , Mengdi Wang

How diffusion models generalize beyond their training set is not known, and is somewhat mysterious given two facts: the optimum of the denoising score matching (DSM) objective usually used to train diffusion models is the score function of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 John J. Vastola

By learning the gradient of smoothed data distributions, diffusion models can iteratively generate samples from complex distributions. The learned score function enables their generalization capabilities, but how the learned score relates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Binxu Wang , John J. Vastola