Related papers: Counting Sets with Surnatural Numbers

This paper illustrates the richness of the concept of regular sets of time bounds and demonstrates its application to problems of computational complexity. There is a universe of bounds whose regular subsets allow to represent several time…

Contrary to popular misconception, the question in the title is far from simple. It involves sets of numbers on the first level, sets of sets of numbers on the second level, and so on, endlessly. The infinite hierarchy of the levels…

Considered will be properties of the set of real numbers $\Re$ generated by an operator that has form of an exponential function of Gelfond-Schneider type with rational arguments. It will be shown that such created set has cardinal number…

A new number system, the set of the non-Dedekindian numbers, is introduced and characterized axiomatically. It is then proved that any hypercontinous hyperreal number system is strictly included in the set of the Non-Dedekindian Numbers.…

Every natural number greater than two may be written as the sum of a prime and a square-free number. We establish several generalisations of this, by placing divisibility conditions on the square-free number.

Schmidt games and the Cantor winning property give alternative notions of largeness, similar to the more standard notions of measure and category. Being intuitive, flexible, and applicable to recent research made them an active object of…

We introduce axiomatically the ring $\bf{Z}_\kappa$ of the Euclidean integers, that can be viewed as the ``integral part" of the field $\mathbb{E}$ of Euclidean numbers of [4], where the transfinite sum of ordinal indexed $\kappa$-sequences…

For a finite set of non-zero natural numbers that contains at least one element different from 1 and the least common multiple of any of its subsets, there exists a subset of at least half of its members which has a common divisor larger…

We define a counting function that is related to the binomial coefficients. An explicit formula for this function is proved. In some particular cases, simpler explicit formuls are derived. We also derive a formula for the number of…

Germs of real-valued functions, surreal numbers, and transseries are three ways to enrich the real continuum by infinitesimal and infinite quantities. Each of these comes with naturally interacting notions of ordering and derivative. The…

Normal numbers were introduced by Borel and later proven to be a weak notion of algorithmic randomness. We introduce here a natural relativization of normality based on generalized number representation systems. We explore the concepts of…

A notion of arithmetic similarity between number fields is defined by requiring equality of some arithmetic statistics over all but finitely many rational primes. The exceptional set is empty in all previously studied cases, but existing…

New sets (typically found by computer search) with Sidon constant equal to the square root of their cardinalities are given. For each integer $N$ there are only a finite number of groups of prime order containing $N$-element extreme sets.…

In which a review of the concept of countability is done in mathematics, subjecting review some of the theorems so far accepted, showing their inconsistency and also taking concrete elements on the countability of all the powers of the set…

A code of the natural numbers is a uniquely-decodable binary code of the natural numbers with non-decreasing codeword lengths, which satisfies Kraft's inequality tightly. We define a natural partial order on the set of codes, and show how…

In arithmetic statistics and analytic number theory, the asymptotic growth rate of counting functions giving the number of objects with order below $X$ is studied as $X\to \infty$. We define general counting functions which count…

The uncountability of the reals was first established by Cantor in what was later heralded as the first paper on set theory. Since the latter constitutes the official foundations of mathematics, the logical study of the uncountability of…

For a real number $x$ and set of natural numbers $A$, define $x \ast A := \{ x a \bmod 1: a\in A\}\subseteq [0,1).$ We consider relationships between $x$, $A$, and the order-type of $x\ast A$. For example, for every irrational $x$ and…

In [26], the algebraico-tree-theoretic simplicity hierarchical structure of J. H. Conway's ordered field $\mathbf{No}$ of surreal numbers was brought to the fore and employed to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for an ordered…

We compare two methods for evaluating the cardinality of the Cartesian product $N \times N$ of the set of natural numbers $N$. The first is used to explain the thermodynamics of black body radiation by using convergent functions on $N…