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In this paper, we establish universal approximation theorems for neural networks applied to general nonlinear ill-posed operator equations. In addition to the approximation error, the measurement error is also taken into account in our…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Lan Wang , Qiao Zhu , Bangti Jin , Ye Zhang

We investigate the loss surface of neural networks. We prove that even for one-hidden-layer networks with "slightest" nonlinearity, the empirical risks have spurious local minima in most cases. Our results thus indicate that in general "no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Chulhee Yun , Suvrit Sra , Ali Jadbabaie

We explicitly construct zero loss neural network classifiers. We write the weight matrices and bias vectors in terms of cumulative parameters, which determine truncation maps acting recursively on input space. The configurations for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Thomas Chen , Patrícia Muñoz Ewald

One explanation for the strong generalization ability of neural networks is implicit bias. Yet, the definition and mechanism of implicit bias in non-linear contexts remains little understood. In this work, we propose to characterize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Jingwei Li , Jing Xu , Zifan Wang , Huishuai Zhang , Jingzhao Zhang

Invariant risk minimization (IRM) aims to enable out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization in deep learning by learning invariant representations. As IRM poses an inherently challenging bi-level optimization problem, most existing approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Kotaro Yoshida , Konstantinos Slavakis

The explicit regularization and optimality of deep neural networks estimators from independent data have made considerable progress recently. The study of such properties on dependent data is still a challenge. In this paper, we carry out…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-09 William Kengne , Modou Wade

In this work, we consider the approximation of a large class of bounded functions, with minimal regularity assumptions, by ReLU neural networks. We show that the approximation error can be bounded from above by a quantity proportional to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Owen Davis , Gianluca Geraci , Mohammad Motamed

We theoretically study the landscape of the training error for neural networks in overparameterized cases. We consider three basic methods for embedding a network into a wider one with more hidden units, and discuss whether a minimum point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Kenji Fukumizu , Shoichiro Yamaguchi , Yoh-ichi Mototake , Mirai Tanaka

Despite extensive studies, the underlying reason as to why overparameterized neural networks can generalize remains elusive. Existing theory shows that common stochastic optimizers prefer flatter minimizers of the training loss, and thus a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Kaiyue Wen , Zhiyuan Li , Tengyu Ma

We study the implicit bias of flatness / low (loss) curvature and its effects on generalization in two-layer overparameterized ReLU networks with multivariate inputs -- a problem well motivated by the minima stability and edge-of-stability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-13 Tongtong Liang , Dan Qiao , Yu-Xiang Wang , Rahul Parhi

In matrix sensing, we first numerically identify the sensitivity to the initialization rank as a new limitation of the implicit bias of gradient flow. We will partially quantify this phenomenon mathematically, where we establish that the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Armin Eftekhari , Konstantinos Zygalakis

Learned classifiers should often possess certain invariance properties meant to encourage fairness, robustness, or out-of-distribution generalization. However, multiple recent works empirically demonstrate that common invariance-inducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yoav Wald , Gal Yona , Uri Shalit , Yair Carmon

We study the implicit bias of gradient flow (i.e., gradient descent with infinitesimal step size) on linear neural network training. We propose a tensor formulation of neural networks that includes fully-connected, diagonal, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Chulhee Yun , Shankar Krishnan , Hossein Mobahi

We can compare the expressiveness of neural networks that use rectified linear units (ReLUs) by the number of linear regions, which reflect the number of pieces of the piecewise linear functions modeled by such networks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Thiago Serra , Srikumar Ramalingam

We introduce a general framework for analyzing learning algorithms based on the notion of self-regularization, which captures implicit complexity control without requiring explicit regularization. This is motivated by previous observations…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-19 Max Schölpple , Liu Fanghui , Ingo Steinwart

There has been a long history of works showing that neural networks have hard time extrapolating beyond the training set. A recent study by Balestriero et al. (2021) challenges this view: defining interpolation as the state of belonging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Laurent Bonnasse-Gahot

In this paper, we study the generalization performance of global minima for implementing empirical risk minimization (ERM) on over-parameterized deep ReLU nets. Using a novel deepening scheme for deep ReLU nets, we rigorously prove that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Shao-Bo Lin , Yao Wang , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In the pursuit of explaining implicit regularization in deep learning, prominent focus was given to matrix and tensor factorizations, which correspond to simplified neural networks. It was shown that these models exhibit an implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Noam Razin , Asaf Maman , Nadav Cohen

We examine the necessity of interpolation in overparameterized models, that is, when achieving optimal predictive risk in machine learning problems requires (nearly) interpolating the training data. In particular, we consider simple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-17 Chen Cheng , John Duchi , Rohith Kuditipudi

We study kernel least-squares estimation under a norm constraint. This form of regularisation is known as Ivanov regularisation and it provides better control of the norm of the estimator than the well-established Tikhonov regularisation.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-17 Stephen Page , Steffen Grünewälder