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We have demonstrated three 4x2 hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer arrays for operation at local oscillator (LO) frequencies of 1.46, 1.9 and 4.7 THz, respectively. They consist of spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixers combined with…

We present a comprehensive analysis and experimental study of THz hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers made from 40-nm-thick sputtered magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin films on high-resistivity silicon substrates. Using a lumped-element…

Superconductivity · Physics 2026-01-22 Changyun Yoo , Changsub Kim , Daniel P. Cunnane , Boris S. Karasik

Enabled by planarized phase engineering, metalenses based on metasurfaces offer compact and scalable solutions for applications such as sensing, imaging, and virtual reality. They are particularly attractive for multi-pixel, large-scale…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-24 D. Ren , J. R. G. Silva , S. Cremasco , Z. Zhao , W. Ji , J. de Graaff , A. J. L. Adam , J. R. Gao

We study the performance of an hot-electron bolometer (HEB) operating at THz frequencies based on superconducting niobium nitride films. We report on the voltage response of the detector over a large optical bandwidth carried out with…

We report on a heterodyne receiver designed to observe the astrophysically important neutral atomic oxygen [OI] line at 4.7448 THz. The local oscillator is a third-order distributed feedback Quantum Cascade Laser operating in continuous…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-20 Jenna L. Kloosterman , Darren J. Hayton , Yuan Ren , Tsung-Yu Kao , Neils Hovenier , Jian-Rong Gao , Teun M. Klapwijk , Qing Hu , Christopher K. Walker , John L. Reno

We demonstrate that the conversion gain of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer can be increased by biasing the device within the negative differential resistance (NDR) region of its current-voltage characteristic. Although…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-08 Chang Yoo , Akim A. Babenko , Boris S. Karasik

We report on balanced SIS receivers covering the astronomical important 180-720 GHz submillimeter atmospheric window. To facilitate remote observations and automated spectral line surveys, fully synthesized local oscillators are employed.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-17 J. W. Kooi , R. A. Chamberlin , R. Monje , A. Kovacs , F. Rice , H. Yoshida , B. Force , K. Cooper , D. Miller , M. Gould , D. Lis , B. Bumble , R. LeDuc , J. A. Stern , T. G. Phillips

Supplementing the publications based on the first-light observations with the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on SOFIA, we present background information on the underlying heterodyne detector technology. We…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2012-04-12 P. Pütz , C. E. Honingh , K. Jacobs , M. Justen , M. Schultz , J. Stutzki

This article reviews the state of rapidly emerging terahertz hot-electron nanobolometers (nano-HEB), which are currently among of the most sensitive radiation power detectors at submillimeter wavelengths. With the achieved noise equivalent…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-01-22 Boris S. Karasik , Andrei V. Sergeev , Daniel E. Prober

The sensitivity of a THz hot-electron nanobolometer (nano-HEB) made from a normal metal is analyzed. Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) is employed as a readout technique. In contrast to its superconducting TES counterpart, the normal-metal…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-12-31 Boris S. Karasik , Christopher B. McKitterick , Theodore J. Reck , Daniel E. Prober

In this work, we design and characterize a 4-pixel superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) based on niobium nitride (NbN), integrated with individual planar silicon nitride (Si$_3$N$_4$) waveguides. The implemented architecture enables…

We present a physically consistent interpretation of the dc electrical properties of niobiumnitride (NbN)-based superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB-) mixers, using concepts of nonequilibrium superconductivity. Through this we…

We are developing Nb diffusion-cooled Hot Electron Bolometers (HEBs) for a large-format array submillimeter camera. We have fabricated Nb HEBs using a new angle deposition process. We have characterized these devices using heterodyne mixing…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-06-25 Matthew O. Reese , Daniel F. Santavicca , Luigi Frunzio , Daniel E. Prober

In this paper we give a detailed analysis of the expected sensitivity and operating conditions in the power detection mode of a hot-electron bolometer (HEB) made from a few {\mu}m$^2$ of monolayer graphene (MLG) flake which can be embedded…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 Boris S. Karasik , Christopher B. McKitterick , Daniel E. Prober

We report on efforts to improve the speed of low-G far-infrared transition-edged-sensed bolometers. We use a fabrication process that does not require any dry etch steps to reduce heat capacity on the suspended device and measure a…

This article presents a heterodyne experiment which uses a 380-520 GHz planar circuit balanced Nb-$\mathrm{Al_2O_3}$-Nb superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) quasiparticle mixer with 4-8 GHz instantaneous intermediate frequency (IF)…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-10-09 M. P. Westig , M. Justen , K. Jacobs , J. Stutzki , M. Schultz , F. Schomacker , C. E. Honingh

We present high-performance terahertz (THz) metal-mesh bandpass filters developed to mitigate direct detection effects in sensitive THz receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. These metal-mesh filters are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-01-22 Changyun Yoo , Jeffrey L. Hesler , Boris S. Karasik

Noise Equivalent Power and time constant of a submillimeter wave Hot-Electron Bolometer (HEB) made from monolayer graphene are analyzed using the lowest electron-phonon thermal conductance data reported to date. Frequency-domain multiplexed…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-11-17 Boris S. Karasik , Christopher B. McKitterick , Daniel E. Prober

We report results of the numerical solution by the Euler method of the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form for the superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) embedded in an electrical circuit. By taking into account…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-05-01 Sergey Maslennikov

The rapid development of infrared spectroscopy, observational astronomy, and scanning near-field microscopy has been enabled by the emergence of sensitive mid- and far-infrared photodetectors. Owing to their exceptional signal-to-noise…

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