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We proposes a novel method that enables Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to solve SAT problems by leveraging a technique developed for applying GNNs to Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Specifically, k-CNF formulae are mapped into MILP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Franco Alberto Cardillo , Hamza Khyari , Umberto Straccia

Cryptographic problems can often be reduced to solving Boolean polynomial systems, whose equivalent logical formulas can be treated using SAT solvers. Given the algebraic nature of the problem, the use of the logical XOR operator is common…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Monika Trimoska , Sorina Ionica , Gilles Dequen

CNF-based SAT and MaxSAT solvers are central to logic synthesis and verification systems. The increasing popularity of these constraint problems in electronic design automation encourages studies on different SAT problems and their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Feng Shi , Chonghan Lee , Mohammad Khairul Bashar , Nikhil Shukla , Song-Chun Zhu , Vijaykrishnan Narayanan

A Pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraint is a linear arithmetic constraint over Boolean variables. PB constraints are convenient and widely used in expressing NP-complete problems. We introduce a new, two step, method for transforming PB…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Amir Aavani

Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) is one of the core problems in computer science. As one of the fundamental NP-complete problems, it can be used - by known reductions - to represent instances of variety of hard decision problems.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Michał Karpiński

We introduce the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a CNF formula that must further belong to a prescribed input subspace. Equivalent formulations of the problem include finding a point outside a union of subspaces (the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Vikraman Arvind , Venkatesan Guruswami

The Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem is the problem of finding a truth assignment that maximizes the number of satisfied clauses of a given Boolean formula in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF). Many exact solvers for MaxSAT have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Mohamed El Halaby

Discrete variables are common in many applications, such as probabilistic reasoning, planning and explainable AI. When symbolic reasoning techniques are brought in to bear on these applications, a standard technique for handling discrete…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yaofang Zhang , Ken Zhou , Adnan Darwiche

Applying pre- and inprocessing techniques to simplify CNF formulas both before and during search can considerably improve the performance of modern SAT solvers. These algorithms mostly aim at reducing the number of clauses, literals, and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-18 Andreas Wotzlaw , Alexander van der Grinten , Ewald Speckenmeyer

Solving quadratic equations over finite fields is a fundamental task in algebraic coding theory and serves as a key subroutine for computing the roots of cubic and quartic polynomials. Notably, any quadratic polynomial over binary extension…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Leilei Yu , Yunghsiang S. Han , Pingping Li , Jiasheng Yuan

Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving. The proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Muyu Pan , Matthew Walter , Dheeraj Kodakandla , Mahfuza Farooque

The one of the most interesting problem of discrete mathematics is the SAT (satisfiability) problem. Good way in SAT solver developing is to transform the SAT problem to the problem of continuous search of global minimums of the functional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2009-07-13 R. T. Faizullin , I. G. Khnykin , V. I. Dylkeyt

The study of regular linear conjunctive normal form (LCNF) formulas is of interest because exact satisfiability (XSAT) is known to be NP-complete for this class of formulas. In a recent paper it was shown that the subclass of regular exact…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Bernd R. Schuh

We study the representation of systems S of linear equations over the two-element field (aka xor- or parity-constraints) via conjunctive normal forms F (boolean clause-sets). First we consider the problem of finding an "arc-consistent"…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-06-24 Matthew Gwynne , Oliver Kullmann

Representing some problems with XOR clauses (parity constraints) can allow to apply more efficient reasoning techniques. In this paper, we present a gadget for translating SAT clauses into Max2XOR constraints, i.e., XOR clauses of at most 2…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Carlos Ansótegui , Jordi Levy

Weighted Max-SAT is the optimization version of SAT and many important problems can be naturally encoded as such. Solving weighted Max-SAT is an important problem from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. In recent years, there…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Javier Larrosa , Federico Heras , Simon de Givry

Boolean Satisfiability solvers have gone through dramatic improvements in their performances and scalability over the last few years by considering symmetries. It has been shown that by using graph symmetries and generating symmetry…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-02-02 Arup Kumar Ghosh

NP-Complete problems have an important attribute that if one NP-Complete problem can be solved in polynomial time, all NP-Complete problems will have a polynomial solution. The 3-CNF-SAT problem is a NP-Complete problem and the primary…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-04-07 Belal Qasemi

Standard answer set programming (ASP) targets at solving search problems from the first level of the polynomial time hierarchy (PH). Tackling search problems beyond NP using ASP is less straightforward. The class of disjunctive logic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Bart Bogaerts , Tomi Janhunen , Shahab Tasharrofi

In this paper, we propose a first application of data mining techniques to propositional satisfiability. Our proposed Mining4SAT approach aims to discover and to exploit hidden structural knowledge for reducing the size of propositional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-17 Said Jabbour , Lakhdar Sais , Yakoub Salhi