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The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

In recent times, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in increasingly larger model size, posing challenges for inference on low-resource devices. Prior approaches have explored offloading to facilitate low-memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuanlei Zhao , Bin Jia , Haotian Zhou , Ziming Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Yang You

Among hardware accelerators for deep-learning inference, data flow implementations offer low latency and high throughput capabilities. In these architectures, each neuron is mapped to a dedicated hardware unit, making them well-suited for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Tobias Habermann , Michael Mecik , Zhenyu Wang , César David Vera , Martin Kumm , Mario Garrido

The proliferation of IoT devices and advancements in network technologies have intensified the demand for real-time data processing at the network edge. To address these demands, low-power AI accelerators, particularly GPUs, are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Abhinaba Chakraborty , Wouter Tavernier , Akis Kourtis , Mario Pickavet , Andreas Oikonomakis , Didier Colle

In this article, we investigate the impact of architectural parameters of array-based DNN accelerators on accelerator's energy consumption and performance in a wide variety of network topologies. For this purpose, we have developed a tool…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Mohammad Ali Maleki , Mehdi Kamal , Ali Afzali-Kusha

Training on the Edge enables neural networks to learn continuously from new data after deployment on memory-constrained edge devices. Previous work is mostly concerned with reducing the number of model parameters which is only beneficial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Abdelrahman Hosny , Marina Neseem , Sherief Reda

Enhancing the computational efficiency of on-device Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) remains a significant challengein mobile and edge computing. As we aim to execute increasingly complex tasks with constrained computational resources, much of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Zihao Zheng , Yuanchun Li , Jiayu Chen , Peng Zhou , Xiang Chen , Yunxin Liu

Traditional ML inference is evolving toward modeless inference, which abstracts the complexity of model selection from users, allowing the system to automatically choose the most appropriate model for each request based on accuracy and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-16 ChonLam Lao , Jiaqi Gao , Ganesh Ananthanarayanan , Aditya Akella , Minlan Yu

In this work, we study the problem of energy-efficient computation offloading enabled by edge computing. In the considered scenario, multiple users simultaneously compete for limited radio and edge computing resources to get offloaded tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Mohamed Sana , Mattia Merluzzi , Nicola di Pietro , Emilio Calvanese Strinati

As the accuracy of machine learning models increases at a fast rate, so does their demand for energy and compute resources. On a low level, the major part of these resources is consumed by data movement between different memory units.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Niels Gleinig , Tal Ben-Nun , Torsten Hoefler

The energy requirements of current natural language processing models continue to grow at a rapid, unsustainable pace. Recent works highlighting this problem conclude there is an urgent need for methods that reduce the energy needs of NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Joseph McDonald , Baolin Li , Nathan Frey , Devesh Tiwari , Vijay Gadepally , Siddharth Samsi

Deep convolution Neural Network (DCNN) has been widely used in computer vision tasks. However, for edge devices even inference has too large computational complexity and data access amount. The inference latency of state-of-the-art models…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Kuan-Ting Lin , Ching-Te Chiu , Jheng-Yi Chang , Shi-Zong Huang , Yu-Ting Li

CPU-GPU heterogeneous architectures are now commonly used in a wide variety of computing systems from mobile devices to supercomputers. Maximizing the throughput for multi-programmed workloads on such systems is indispensable as one single…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Issa Saba , Eishi Arima , Dai Liu , Martin Schulz

This paper describes a memory-efficient transformer model designed to drive a reduction in memory usage and execution time by substantial orders of magnitude without impairing the model's performance near that of the original model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Krisvarish V , Priyadarshini T , K P Abhishek Sri Saai , Vaidehi Vijayakumar

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise higher energy efficiency over conventional Quantized Artificial Neural Networks (QNNs) due to their event-driven, spike-based computation. However, prevailing energy evaluations often oversimplify,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhanglu Yan , Zhenyu Bai , Weng-Fai Wong

Batteryless systems frequently face power failures, requiring extra runtime buffers to maintain inference progress and leaving only a memory space for storing ultra-tiny deep neural networks (DNNs). Besides, making these models responsive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Pietro Farina , Subrata Biswas , Eren Yıldız , Khakim Akhunov , Saad Ahmed , Bashima Islam , Kasım Sinan Yıldırım

Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly significant role in our everyday lives. This trend is expected to continue, especially with recent pushes to move more AI to the edge. However, one of the biggest challenges associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Cory Merkel

Edge learning facilitates ubiquitous intelligence by enabling model training and adaptation directly on data-generating devices, thereby mitigating privacy risks and communication latency. However, the high computational and energy overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Laha Ale , Hu Luo , Mingsheng Cao , Shichao Li , Huanlai Xing , Haifeng Sun

Recurrent neural networks can be large and compute-intensive, yet many applications that benefit from RNNs run on small devices with very limited compute and storage capabilities while still having run-time constraints. As a result, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Urmish Thakker , Jesse Beu , Dibakar Gope , Ganesh Dasika , Matthew Mattina

The network edge's role in Artificial Intelligence (AI) inference processing is rapidly expanding, driven by a plethora of applications seeking computational advantages. These applications strive for data-driven efficiency, leveraging…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Roberto Morabito , Mallik Tatipamula , Sasu Tarkoma , Mung Chiang