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Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to improve interpretability in Deep Learning by structuring predictions through human-understandable concepts, but they provide no way to verify whether learned concepts align with the human's intended…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Stefano Colamonaco , David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Giuseppe Marra

Neural networks currently dominate the machine learning community and they do so for good reasons. Their accuracy on complex tasks such as image classification is unrivaled at the moment and with recent improvements they are reasonably easy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Sascha Saralajew , Lars Holdijk , Maike Rees , Thomas Villmann

In recent years, work has gone into developing deep interpretable methods for image classification that clearly attributes a model's output to specific features of the data. One such of these methods is the Prototypical Part Network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aaron J. Li , Robin Netzorg , Zhihan Cheng , Zhuoqin Zhang , Bin Yu

Interpretable part-prototype models are computer vision models that are explainable by design. The models learn prototypical parts and recognise these components in an image, thereby combining classification and explanation. Despite the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Meike Nauta , Christin Seifert

In this work, we perform an analysis of the visualisation methods implemented in ProtoPNet and ProtoTree, two self-explaining visual classifiers based on prototypes. We show that such methods do not correctly identify the regions of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Romain Xu-Darme , Georges Quénot , Zakaria Chihani , Marie-Christine Rousset

We address the key question of how object part representations can be found from the internal states of CNNs that are trained for high-level tasks, such as object classification. This work provides a new unsupervised method to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Jianyu Wang , Zhishuai Zhang , Cihang Xie , Vittal Premachandran , Alan Yuille

In high-stakes settings, Machine Learning models that can provide predictions that are interpretable for humans are crucial. This is even more true with the advent of complex deep learning based models with a huge number of tunable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Merel de Leeuw den Bouter , Javier Lloret Pardo , Zeno Geradts , Marcel Worring

Part-prototype Networks (ProtoPNets) are concept-based classifiers designed to achieve the same performance as black-box models without compromising transparency. ProtoPNets compute predictions based on similarity to class-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Andrea Bontempelli , Stefano Teso , Katya Tentori , Fausto Giunchiglia , Andrea Passerini

Concept discovery is one of the open problems in the interpretability literature that is important for bridging the gap between non-deep learning experts and model end-users. Among current formulations, concepts defines them by as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Adrianna Janik , Kris Sankaran

Ante-hoc interpretability methods based on prototypes provide highly accurate explanations by utilizing the intuitive "this looks like that" reasoning paradigm. On the other hand, post-hoc models can explain predictions for a single image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Piotr Borycki , Magdalena Trędowicz , Jacek Tabor , Łukasz Struski , Przemysław Spurek

As AI systems grow more capable, it becomes increasingly important that their decisions remain understandable and aligned with human expectations. A key challenge is the limited interpretability of deep models. Post-hoc methods like GradCAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Mahdi Alehdaghi , Rajarshi Bhattacharya , Pourya Shamsolmoali , Rafael M. O. Cruz , Maguelonne Heritier , Eric Granger

Concept-based machine learning methods have increasingly gained importance due to the growing interest in making neural networks interpretable. However, concept annotations are generally challenging to obtain, making it crucial to leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Alba Carballo-Castro , Sonia Laguna , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Julia E. Vogt

Deep neural networks are widely used for classification. These deep models often suffer from a lack of interpretability -- they are particularly difficult to understand because of their non-linear nature. As a result, neural networks are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Oscar Li , Hao Liu , Chaofan Chen , Cynthia Rudin

Since early machine learning models, metrics such as accuracy and precision have been the de facto way to evaluate and compare trained models. However, a single metric number doesn't fully capture the similarities and differences between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Ahmad Mustapha , Wael Khreich , Wes Masri

This paper presents Prototypical Contrastive Learning (PCL), an unsupervised representation learning method that addresses the fundamental limitations of instance-wise contrastive learning. PCL not only learns low-level features for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Junnan Li , Pan Zhou , Caiming Xiong , Steven C. H. Hoi

Large-scale pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs), such as CLIP, establish the correlation between texts and images, achieving remarkable success on various downstream tasks with fine-tuning. In existing fine-tuning methods, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Yi Zhang , Ce Zhang , Yushun Tang , Zhihai He

Medical image classification is a critical problem for healthcare, with the potential to alleviate the workload of doctors and facilitate diagnoses of patients. However, two challenges arise when deploying deep learning models to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 An Yan , Yu Wang , Yiwu Zhong , Zexue He , Petros Karypis , Zihan Wang , Chengyu Dong , Amilcare Gentili , Chun-Nan Hsu , Jingbo Shang , Julian McAuley

This article presents the prediction difference analysis method for visualizing the response of a deep neural network to a specific input. When classifying images, the method highlights areas in a given input image that provide evidence for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-16 Luisa M Zintgraf , Taco S Cohen , Tameem Adel , Max Welling

Interpreting and explaining the behavior of deep neural networks is critical for many tasks. Explainable AI provides a way to address this challenge, mostly by providing per-pixel relevance to the decision. Yet, interpreting such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li , Yuta Nakashima , Hajime Nagahara

Prototypical Learning is based on the idea that there is a point (which we call prototype) around which the embeddings of a class are clustered. It has shown promising results in scenarios with little labeled data or to design explainable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Antonio Almudévar , Théo Mariotte , Alfonso Ortega , Marie Tahon , Luis Vicente , Antonio Miguel , Eduardo Lleida