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Suppose it is of interest to characterize effect heterogeneity of an intervention across levels of a baseline covariate using only pre- and post- intervention outcome measurements from those who received the intervention, i.e. with no…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-21 Zach Shahn

The Difference in Difference (DiD) estimator is a popular estimator built on the "parallel trends" assumption, which is an assertion that the treatment group, absent treatment, would change "similarly" to the control group over time. To…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-09 Dae Woong Ham , Luke Miratrix

Difference-in-differences is undoubtedly one of the most widely used methods for evaluating the causal effect of an intervention in observational (i.e., nonrandomized) settings. The approach is typically used when pre- and post-exposure…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-21 Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen , Chan Park , David Richardson

The notion of testing for equivalence of two treatments is widely used in clinical trials, pharmaceutical experiments,bioequivalence and quality control. It is essentially approached within the intersection-union (IU) principle. According…

Applications · Statistics 2018-02-07 R. Arboretti , E. Carrozzo , F. Pesarin , L. Salmaso

Under what circumstances is it a threat to the parallel trends assumption required for Difference in Differences (DiD) studies if treatment decisions are based on past values of the outcome? We explore via simulation studies whether…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-02 Zach Shahn

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is one of the most popular approaches for empirical research in economics, political science, and beyond. Identification in these models is based on the conditional parallel trends assumption: In the absence…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-13 Philipp Bach , Sven Klaassen , Jannis Kueck , Mara Mattes , Martin Spindler

We study treatment-effect estimation using panel data. The treatment may be non-binary, non-absorbing, and the outcome may be affected by treatment lags. We make a parallel-trends assumption, and propose event-study estimators of the effect…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-13 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

Difference-in-differences is a widely-used evaluation strategy that draws causal inference from observational panel data. Its causal identification relies on the assumption of parallel trends, which is scale dependent and may be…

Applications · Statistics 2019-06-25 Peng Ding , Fan Li

This paper proposes a novel approach for estimating treatment effects in panel data settings, addressing key limitations of the standard difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The standard approach relies on the parallel trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-14 Shoya Ishimaru

Recent work has focused on nonparametric estimation of conditional treatment effects, but inference has remained relatively unexplored. We propose a class of nonparametric tests for both quantitative and qualitative treatment effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-07 Oliver Dukes , Mats J. Stensrud , Riccardo Brioschi , Aaron Hudson

A number of biomedical problems require performing many hypothesis tests, with an attendant need to apply stringent thresholds. Often the data take the form of a series of predictor vectors, each of which must be compared with a single…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-05-13 Yi-Hui Zhou , Fred Wright

The difference-in-differences (DID) method identifies the average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) under mainly the so-called parallel trends (PT) assumption. The most common and widely used approach to justify the PT assumption is…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-23 Kyunghoon Ban , Désiré Kédagni

This paper provides asymptotically valid tests for the null hypothesis of no treatment effect heterogeneity. Importantly, I consider the presence of heterogeneity that is not explained by observed characteristics, or so-called idiosyncratic…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-04-04 Jaime Ramirez-Cuellar

This paper develops inference methods for ratios of deterministic trend slopes in systems of pairs of time series. Hypotheses based on linear cross-equation restrictions are considered with particular interest in tests that trend ratios are…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-02 Timothy J. Vogelsang

This paper considers the identification of dynamic treatment effects with panel data, in complex designs where the treatment may not be binary and may not be absorbing. We first show that under no-anticipation and parallel-trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-23 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

Violations of the parallel trends assumption pose significant challenges for causal inference in difference-in-differences (DiD) studies, especially in policy evaluations where pre-treatment dynamics and external shocks may bias estimates.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-06 Seong Woo Han , Nandita Mitra , Gary Hettinger , Arman Oganisian

Many research questions in public health and medicine concern sustained interventions in populations defined by substantive priorities. Existing methods to answer such questions typically require a measured covariate set sufficient to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-30 Audrey Renson , Michael Hudgens , Alexander Keil , Paul Zivich , Allison Aiello

We introduce equivalence testing procedures for linear regression analyses. Such tests can be very useful for confirming the lack of a meaningful association between a continuous outcome and a continuous or binary predictor. Specifically,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-17 Harlan Campbell

We address an ambiguity in identification strategies using difference-in-differences, which are widely applied in empirical research, particularly in economics. The assumption commonly referred to as the "no-anticipation assumption" states…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-23 Marco Piccininni , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen , Mats J. Stensrud

Many studies include a goal of determining whether there is treatment effect heterogeneity across different subpopulations. In this paper, we propose a U-statistic-based non-parametric test of the null hypothesis that the treatment effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-08 Maozhu Dai , Hal S. Stern