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In machine learning, the loss functions optimized during training often differ from the target loss that defines task performance due to computational intractability or lack of differentiability. We present an in-depth study of the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yutao Zhong

The goal of active learning is to achieve the same accuracy achievable by passive learning, while using much fewer labels. Exponential savings in terms of label complexity have been proved in very special cases, but fundamental lower bounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-01 Yinglun Zhu , Robert Nowak

We deal with the \textit{selective classification} problem (supervised-learning problem with a rejection option), where we want to achieve the best performance at a certain level of coverage of the data. We transform the original $m$-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Liu Ziyin , Zhikang Wang , Paul Pu Liang , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Louis-Philippe Morency , Masahito Ueda

Learning with rejection is an important framework that can refrain from making predictions to avoid critical mispredictions by balancing between prediction and rejection. Previous studies on cost-based rejection only focused on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Xin Cheng , Yuzhou Cao , Haobo Wang , Hongxin Wei , Bo An , Lei Feng

The $F_\beta$ score is a commonly used measure of classification performance, which plays crucial roles in classification tasks with imbalanced data sets. However, the $F_\beta$ score cannot be used as a loss function by gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Namgil Lee , Heejung Yang , Hojin Yoo

We present a new machine learning approach to estimate personalized treatment effects in the classical potential outcomes framework with binary outcomes. To overcome the problem that both treatment and control outcomes for the same unit are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-07 Siong Thye Goh , Cynthia Rudin

Optimization models used to make discrete decisions often contain uncertain parameters that are context-dependent and estimated through prediction. To account for the quality of the decision made based on the prediction, decision-focused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Noah Schutte , Krzysztof Postek , Neil Yorke-Smith

In this paper we introduce the SCoRe (Submodular Combinatorial Representation Learning) framework, a novel approach in representation learning that addresses inter-class bias and intra-class variance. SCoRe provides a new combinatorial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Anay Majee , Suraj Kothawade , Krishnateja Killamsetty , Rishabh Iyer

For stochastic process models, parameter inference is often severely bottlenecked by computationally expensive likelihood functions. Simulation-based inference (SBI) bypasses this restriction by constructing amortized surrogate likelihoods,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-26 Alexander Shen , Mikael Kuusela

Policy learning algorithms are widely used in areas such as personalized medicine and advertising to develop individualized treatment regimes. However, most methods force a decision even when predictions are uncertain, which is risky in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ayush Sawarni , Jikai Jin , Justin Whitehouse , Vasilis Syrgkanis

In this work we provide a theoretical framework for structured prediction that generalizes the existing theory of surrogate methods for binary and multiclass classification based on estimating conditional probabilities with smooth convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Alex Nowak-Vila , Francis Bach , Alessandro Rudi

Abstaining classifiers have the option to abstain from making predictions on inputs that they are unsure about. These classifiers are becoming increasingly popular in high-stakes decision-making problems, as they can withhold uncertain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-10 Yo Joong Choe , Aditya Gangrade , Aaditya Ramdas

Creating artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of demonstrating lifelong learning is a fundamental challenge, and many approaches and metrics have been proposed to analyze algorithmic properties. However, for existing lifelong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Corban Rivera , Chace Ashcraft , Alexander New , James Schmidt , Gautam Vallabha

Deep learning has proven to be effective in a wide variety of loss minimization problems. However, many applications of interest, like minimizing projected Bellman error and min-max optimization, cannot be modelled as minimizing a scalar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ryan D'Orazio , Danilo Vucetic , Zichu Liu , Junhyung Lyle Kim , Ioannis Mitliagkas , Gauthier Gidel

We present a probabilistic deep learning methodology that enables the construction of predictive data-driven surrogates for stochastic systems. Leveraging recent advances in variational inference with implicit distributions, we put forth a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-16 Yibo Yang , Paris Perdikaris

Robustness towards adversarial attacks is a vital property for classifiers in several applications such as autonomous driving, medical diagnosis, etc. Also, in such scenarios, where the cost of misclassification is very high, knowing when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Vrund Shah , Tejas Chaudhari , Naresh Manwani

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items. Unlike existing problems in supervised learning, such as classification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Sean Welleck , Zixin Yao , Yu Gai , Jialin Mao , Zheng Zhang , Kyunghyun Cho

Delayed primary outcomes and administratively censored follow-up create a general semiparametric estimation problem: the target causal functional depends on an endpoint observed only for a shrinking subset of units at analysis time, while…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-02 Lin Li , Tuo Lin , Yiwen Chen , Xin M. Tu

Surrogate models - also called emulators - are widely used to facilitate Bayesian inference in settings where computational costs preclude the use of standard posterior inference algorithms. Their deployment is now standard practice across…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Andrew Gerard Roberts , Michael C. Dietze , Jonathan H. Huggins

A fundamental challenge in machine learning is the choice of a loss as it characterizes our learning task, is minimized in the training phase, and serves as an evaluation criterion for estimators. Proper losses are commonly chosen, ensuring…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-04 Han Bao , Asuka Takatsu