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Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra p-layer below the collection electrode which provides signal amplification. When the primary electrons reach the amplification region new electron-hole pairs are…

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are key components for precise timing measurements in high-energy physics experiments, including the High Luminosity upgrades of the current LHC detectors. Their performance is, however, limited by…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-02-03 Veronika Kraus , Marcos Fernandez Garcia , Luca Menzio , Michael Moll

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) provide moderate internal gain and time resolutions of a few tens of picoseconds, making them a key technology for ultrafast timing in high-energy physics and beyond. However, both their gain and timing…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-04-28 Weiyi Sun , Mengzhao Li , Mei Zhao , Zhijun Liang

Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) is the baseline sensing technology of the recently proposed Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP) end-cap timing detectors (MTD) at the Atlas and CMS experiments. The current MTD sensor is designed as a…

Silicon carbide (SiC) particle detectors have the potential to provide time resolutions and robust performance in extreme environments which exceed that of silicon detectors. In this work 4H-SiC low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) and…

Low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) deliver excellent timing resolution, which can mitigate mis-assignment of vertices associated with pileup at the High Luminosity LHC and other future hadron colliders. The most highly irradiated LGADs…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-01-01 Josef Sorenson , Martin Hoeferkamp , Gregor Kramberger , Sally Seidel , Jiahe Si

Impact ionization in silicon devices has been extensively studied and several models for a quantitative description of the impact ionization coefficients have been proposed. We evaluate those models against gain measurements on Low Gain…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-05-29 Esteban Curras Rivera , Michael Moll

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) represent a remarkable advance in high energy particle detection, since they provide a moderate increase (gain ~10) of the collected charge, thus leading to a notable improvement of the signal-to-noise…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-05-04 Pablo Fernandez-Martinez , David Flores , Salvador Hidalgo , Virginia Greco , Angel Merlos , Giulio Pellegrini , David Quirion

Forward proton spectrometers at high-energy proton colliders rely on precision timing to discriminate signal from background. Silicon low gain avalanche diodes (LGADs) are a candidate for future timing detectors in these systems. A major…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-03-26 C. Beirão da Cruz e Silva , G. Marozzo , G. Da Molin , J. Hollar , M. Gallinaro , M. Khakzad , S. Bashiri Kahjoq , K. Shchelina

Achieving high quantum efficiency (QE) with low dark count is essential for highly sensitive photodetectors (PDs), including single photon avalanche detectors (SPADs). However, high QE requires a thicker absorber region, which leads to high…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-07-25 Sagar Chowdhury , Rituraj , Srini Krishnamurthy , Vidya Praveen Bhallamudi

Silicon sensors with high time resolution can help particle identification in the International Linear Collider (ILC). We are studying Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) as a high timing resolution sensor. As a step to develop LGADs, we are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-06-17 Y. Deguchi , K. Kawagoe , E. Mestre , R. Mori , T. Suehara , T. Yoshioka

The Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) are promising particle detectors for timing resolution better than $50$ ps under a high radiation environment. This study investigates n-in-p LGAD architecture, focusing on ultra-thin sensors of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-01-26 Jaideep Kalani , Saptarshi Datta , Ganesh J Tambve , Prabhakar Palni

In recent years, the gain suppression mechanism has been studied for large localized charge deposits in Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs). LGADs are a thin silicon detector with a highly doped gain layer that provides moderate internal…

Capacitive-coupled Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (AC-LGAD) sensors are being developed for high-energy particle physics experiments as a detector which provides fast time information with fine spatial resolution. This paper describes…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-01-25 Sayuka Kita , Koji Nakamura , Tatsuki Ueda , Ikumi Goya , Kazuhiko Hara

Silicon Carbide device (4H-SiC) has potential radiation hardness, high saturated carrier velocity and low temperature sensitivity theoretically. The Silicon Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) has been verified to have excellent time…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-06-22 Tao Yang , Yuhang Tan , Congcong Wang , Xiyuan Zhang , Xin Shi

4H-SiC low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) have been fabricated and characterized. The devices employ a circular mesa design with low-resistivity contacts and an SiO$_2$ passivation layer. The I-V and C-V characteristics of the 4H-SiC…

Photon detectors featuring single-photon sensitivity play a crucial role in various scientific domains, including high-energy physics, astronomy, and quantum optics. Fast response time, high quantum efficiency, and minimal dark counts are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-06-27 Mohamed Boukhicha , Thomas Y. Tsang , Gabriele Giacomini , Amir M. Dabiran , Luca Cultrera

The paper reports on the timing resolution achieved with Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs), optimised for extreme-fluence conditions, at the DESY Test Beam Facility using 4~GeV/c electrons. The LGADs adopt an $n$-in-$p$ technology with a…

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising material for radiation monitoring in harsh environments, due to its low dark current, high breakdown voltage, high thermal conductivity, and radiation hardness.~This work investigates a SiC-based…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-07-17 Sen Zhao , Jiaqi Zhou , Chenxi Fu , Congcong Wang , Suyu Xiao , Xinbo Zou , Haolan Qv , Jiaxiang Chen , Xiyuan Zhang , Xin Shi