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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models in real-world applications. Existing methods typically focus on feature representations or output-space analysis, often assuming a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Mostafa ElAraby , Sabyasachi Sahoo , Yann Pequignot , Paul Novello , Liam Paull

In general, graph representation learning methods assume that the train and test data come from the same distribution. In this work we consider an underexplored area of an otherwise rapidly developing field of graph representation learning:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Beatrice Bevilacqua , Yangze Zhou , Bruno Ribeiro

The i.i.d. assumption is a useful idealization that underpins many successful approaches to supervised machine learning. However, its violation can lead to models that learn to exploit spurious correlations in the training data, rendering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Daniel Pace , Alessandra Russo , Murray Shanahan

Causal representation learning has emerged as the center of action in causal machine learning research. In particular, multi-domain datasets present a natural opportunity for showcasing the advantages of causal representation learning over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Kartik Ahuja , Amin Mansouri , Yixin Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for determining when a supervised model encounters inputs that differ meaningfully from its training distribution. While widely studied in classification, OOD detection for regression and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-16 Min Lu , Hemant Ishwaran

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect testing samples far away from the in-distribution (ID) training data, which is crucial for the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Distance-based OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Haodong Lu , Dong Gong , Shuo Wang , Jason Xue , Lina Yao , Kristen Moore

Continual learning aims to provide intelligent agents that are capable of learning continually a sequence of tasks, building on previously learned knowledge. A key challenge in this learning paradigm is catastrophically forgetting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Ghada Sokar , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Machine learning algorithms typically assume that the training and test samples come from the same distributions, i.e., in-distribution. However, in open-world scenarios, streaming big data can be Out-Of-Distribution (OOD), rendering these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Anique Tahir , Lu Cheng , Ruocheng Guo , Huan Liu

A key element in transfer learning is representation learning; if representations can be developed that expose the relevant factors underlying the data, then new tasks and domains can be learned readily based on mappings of these salient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-12-18 Yujia Li , Kevin Swersky , Richard Zemel

Accurate extraction of molecular representations is a critical step in the drug discovery process. In recent years, significant progress has been made in molecular representation learning methods, among which multi-modal molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Rong Yin , Ruyue Liu , Xiaoshuai Hao , Xingrui Zhou , Yong Liu , Can Ma , Weiping Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for reliable machine learning. Recent advances in representation learning give rise to distance-based OOD detection, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Yifei Ming , Yiyou Sun , Ousmane Dia , Yixuan Li

The present phase of Machine Learning is characterized by supervised learning algorithms relying on large sets of labeled examples ($n \to \infty$). The next phase is likely to focus on algorithms capable of learning from very few labeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-03-12 Fabio Anselmi , Joel Z. Leibo , Lorenzo Rosasco , Jim Mutch , Andrea Tacchetti , Tomaso Poggio

Learning invariant representations is a critical first step in a number of machine learning tasks. A common approach corresponds to the so-called information bottleneck principle in which an application dependent function of mutual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Aditya Kumar Akash , Vishnu Suresh Lokhande , Sathya N. Ravi , Vikas Singh

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial problem for the safe deployment of machine learning models identifying samples that fall outside of the training distribution, i.e. in-distribution data (ID). Most OOD works focus on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Soroush Seifi , Daniel Olmeda Reino , Nikolay Chumerin , Rahaf Aljundi

Continual learning (CL) aims to train models sequentially over multiple domains without forgetting previously learned knowledge. However, existing CL methods optimize for in-domain performance and are therefore prone to learning spurious,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Pascal Janetzky , Tobias Schlagenhauf , Stefan Feuerriegel

In many real-world settings, machine learning models need to identify user inputs that are out-of-domain (OOD) so as to avoid performing wrong actions. This work focuses on a challenging case of OOD detection, where no labels for in-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Di Jin , Shuyang Gao , Seokhwan Kim , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Molecular representations fundamentally shape how machine learning systems reason about molecular structure and physical properties. Most existing approaches adopt a discrete pipeline: molecules are encoded as sequences, graphs, or point…

The open-world test dataset is often mixed with out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, where the deployed models will struggle to make accurate predictions. Traditional detection methods need to trade off OOD detection and in-distribution (ID)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Xu Shen , Yili Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Data-driven molecular discovery leverages artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) and generative modeling to filter and design novel molecules. Discovering novel molecules requires accurate out-of-distribution (OOD) predictions,…

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization remains a fundamental challenge in real-world classification, where test distributions often differ substantially from training data. Most existing approaches pursue domain-invariant representations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Chen Cheng , Ang Li