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We propose a scalable neuromorphic architecture based on spiking dynamics emerging from the autonomous time-continuous evolution of clockless (asynchronous) digital circuits. Implemented on commercially available field-programmable gate…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Eric Oliveira Gomes , Damien Rontani

To support emerging applications ranging from holographic communications to extended reality, next-generation mobile wireless communication systems require ultra-fast and energy-efficient (UFEE) baseband processors. Traditional…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-10 Qunsong Zeng , Jiawei Liu , Jun Lan , Yi Gong , Zhongrui Wang , Yida Li , Kaibin Huang

This tutorial describes challenges and possible avenues for the implementation of the components of a solid-state system, which emulates a biological brain. The tutorial is devoted mostly to a charge-based (i.e. electric controlled)…

Applied Physics · Physics 2021-12-08 Javier del Valle , Juan Gabriel Ramírez , Marcelo J. Rozenberg , Ivan K. Schuller

RRAM-based in-Memory Computing is an exciting road for implementing highly energy efficient neural networks. This vision is however challenged by RRAM variability, as the efficient implementation of in-memory computing does not allow error…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Marc Bocquet , Tifenn Hirztlin , Jacques-Olivier Klein , Etienne Nowak , Elisa Vianello , Jean-Michel Portal , Damien Querlioz

Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is gaining popularity due to its ability to offer computing within the memory and its non-volatile nature. The unique properties of RRAM, such as binary switching, multi-state switching, and device…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Simranjeet Singh , Farhad Merchant , Sachin Patkar

Deep learning hardware designs have been bottlenecked by conventional memories such as SRAM due to density, leakage and parallel computing challenges. Resistive devices can address the density and volatility issues, but have been limited by…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Shihui Yin , Xiaoyu Sun , Shimeng Yu , Jae-sun Seo

For neuromorphic engineering to emulate the human brain, improving memory density with low power consumption is an indispensable but challenging goal. In this regard, emerging RRAMs have attracted considerable interest for their unique…

Classical computing is beginning to encounter fundamental limits of energy efficiency. This presents a challenge that can no longer be solved by strategies such as increasing circuit density or refining standard semiconductor processes. The…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Keshava Katti , Pratik Chaudhari , Deep Jariwala

To support emerging applications ranging from holographic communications to extended reality, next-generation mobile wireless communication systems require ultra-fast and energy-efficient baseband processors. Traditional complementary…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-22 Qunsong Zeng , Jiawei Liu , Mingrui Jiang , Jun Lan , Yi Gong , Zhongrui Wang , Yida Li , Can Li , Jim Ignowski , Kaibin Huang

The memory demands of large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs) require synaptic weight values to be stored and updated in off-chip memory like dynamic random-access memory, which reduces energy efficiency and increases training time.…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Abhishek Kumar , Peter D. Hodgson , Manus Hayne , Avirup Dasgupta

The rapid growth of deep neural network (DNN) workloads has significantly increased the demand for large-capacity on-chip SRAM in machine learning (ML) applications, with SRAM arrays now occupying a substantial fraction of the total die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Subhradip Chakraborty , Ankur Singh , Xuming Chen , Gourav Datta , Akhilesh R. Jaiswal

Neuromorphic computing systems uses non-volatile memory (NVM) to implement high-density and low-energy synaptic storage. Elevated voltages and currents needed to operate NVMs cause aging of CMOS-based transistors in each neuron and synapse…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Shihao Song , Jui Hanamshet , Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das , Jeffrey L. Krichmar , Nikil D. Dutt , Nagarajan Kandasamy , Francky Catthoor

Memory has always been a building block element for information technology. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, etc., require a novel kind of memory technology that can be energy…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-05-12 Anurag Pritam , Ritu Gupta , Prakash Chandra Mondal

The human brain achieves exceptional energy efficiency by co-locating memory and processing, yet reproducing this principle in hardware remains challenging because many neuromorphic devices require standby power, offer limited…

Neuromorphic computing promises revolutionary improvements over conventional systems for applications that process unstructured information. To fully realize this potential, neuromorphic systems should exploit the biomimetic behavior of…

Dual-layer resistive switching devices with horizontal W electrodes, vertical Pd electrodes and WOx switching layer formed at the sidewall of the horizontal electrodes have been fabricated and characterized. The devices exhibit…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2014-04-07 Siddharth Gaba , Patrick Sheridan , Chao Du , Wei Lu

Artificial neural networks have become ubiquitous in modern life, which has triggered the emergence of a new class of application specific integrated circuits for their acceleration. ReRAM-based accelerators have gained significant traction…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-14 Jason K. Eshraghian , Sung-Mo Kang , Seungbum Baek , Garrick Orchard , Herbert Ho-Ching Iu , Wen Lei

Resistance switching random access memory (ReRAM), with the ability to repeatedly modulate electrical resistance, has been highlighted as a feasible high-density memory with the potential to replace negative-AND (NAND) flash memory. Such…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2018-04-11 Yang Lu , Jung Ho Yoon , Yanhao Dong , I-Wei Chen

A critical issue affecting filamentary resistive random access memory (RRAM) cells is the requirement of high voltages during electroforming. Reducing the magnitude of these voltages is of significant interest, as it ensures compatibility…

This paper reviews memory technologies used in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) for neuromorphic computing, a brain-inspired approach transforming artificial intelligence with improved efficiency and performance. It focuses on the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Dexter Le , Baran Arig , Murat Isik , I. Can Dikmen , Teoman Karadag