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Deep learning models have demonstrated exceptional performance across a wide range of computer vision tasks. However, their performance often degrades significantly when faced with distribution shifts, such as domain or dataset changes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Samuel Barbeau , Pedram Fekri , David Osowiechi , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Masih Aminbeidokhti , Christian Desrosiers

Despite their exceptional performance in vision tasks, deep learning models often struggle when faced with domain shifts during testing. Test-Time Training (TTT) methods have recently gained popularity by their ability to enhance the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 David Osowiechi , Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim , Mehrdad Noori , Milad Cheraghalikhani , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Ismail Ben Ayed , Christian Desrosiers

Deploying models on target domain data subject to distribution shift requires adaptation. Test-time training (TTT) emerges as a solution to this adaptation under a realistic scenario where access to full source domain data is not available…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

This paper introduces a novel application of Test-Time Training (TTT) for Speech Enhancement, addressing the challenges posed by unpredictable noise conditions and domain shifts. This method combines a main speech enhancement task with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Avishkar Behera , Riya Ann Easow , Venkatesh Parvathala , K. Sri Rama Murty

Generalizing neural networks to unseen target domains is a significant challenge in real-world deployments. Test-time training (TTT) addresses this by using an auxiliary self-supervised task to reduce the domain gap caused by distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Wooseong Jeong , Jegyeong Cho , Youngho Yoon , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Deploying models on target domain data subject to distribution shift requires adaptation. Test-time training (TTT) emerges as a solution to this adaptation under a realistic scenario where access to full source domain data is not available,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Tianrui Li , Kui Jia

Test-time training (TTT) enhances model performance by explicitly updating designated parameters prior to each prediction to adapt to the test data. While TTT has demonstrated considerable empirical success, its theoretical underpinnings…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Kento Kuwataka , Taiji Suzuki

An unresolved problem in Deep Learning is the ability of neural networks to cope with domain shifts during test-time, imposed by commonly fixing network parameters after training. Our proposed method Meta Test-Time Training (MT3), however,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Alexander Bartler , Andre Bühler , Felix Wiewel , Mario Döbler , Bin Yang

The remarkable progress in deep learning (DL) showcases outstanding results in various computer vision tasks. However, adaptation to real-time variations in data distributions remains an important challenge. Test-Time Training (TTT) was…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Marco Colussi , Sergio Mascetti , Jose Dolz , Christian Desrosiers

Deep learning models often struggle when deployed in real-world settings due to distribution shifts between training and test data. While existing approaches like domain adaptation and test-time training (TTT) offer partial solutions, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nikita Durasov , Assaf Shocher , Doruk Oner , Gal Chechik , Alexei A. Efros , Pascal Fua

Recent empirical studies have explored the idea of continuing to train a model at test-time for a given task, known as test-time training (TTT), and have found it to yield significant performance improvements. However, there is limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jonas Hübotter , Patrik Wolf , Alexander Shevchenko , Dennis Jüni , Andreas Krause , Gil Kur

Supervised Causal Learning (SCL) has shown promise in causal discovery by framing it as a supervised learning problem. However, it suffers from significant out-of-distribution generalization challenges. We reveal three limitations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zizhen Deng , Jiaru Zhang , Rui Ding , Huang Bojun , Jinzhuo Wang , Qiang Fu , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

In this paper, we propose Test-Time Training, a general approach for improving the performance of predictive models when training and test data come from different distributions. We turn a single unlabeled test sample into a self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Yu Sun , Xiaolong Wang , Zhuang Liu , John Miller , Alexei A. Efros , Moritz Hardt

Test-time training (TTT) methods explicitly update the weights of a model to adapt to the specific test instance, and they have found success in a variety of settings, including most recently language modeling and reasoning. To demystify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Halil Alperen Gozeten , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Xuechen Zhang , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Marco Mondelli , Samet Oymak

The main challenge in domain generalization (DG) is to handle the distribution shift problem that lies between the training and test data. Recent studies suggest that test-time training (TTT), which adapts the learned model with test data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Liang Chen , Yong Zhang , Yibing Song , Ying Shan , Lingqiao Liu

Learning efficient and expressive visual representation has long been the pursuit of computer vision research. While Vision Transformers (ViTs) gradually replace traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as more scalable vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Quan Kong , Yanru Xiao , Yuhao Shen , Cong Wang

Prior work has established Test-Time Training (TTT) as a general framework to further improve a trained model at test time. Before making a prediction on each test instance, the model is first trained on the same instance using a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Renhao Wang , Yu Sun , Arnuv Tandon , Yossi Gandelsman , Xinlei Chen , Alexei A. Efros , Xiaolong Wang

Humans possess remarkable ability to accurately classify new, unseen images after being exposed to only a few examples. Such ability stems from their capacity to identify common features shared between new and previously seen images while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Weihao Jiang , Chang Liu , Kun He

Test-time training (TTT) with KV binding as sequence modeling layer is commonly interpreted as a form of online meta-learning that memorizes a key-value mapping at test time. However, our analysis reveals multiple phenomena that contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Junchen Liu , Sven Elflein , Or Litany , Zan Gojcic , Ruilong Li

Time-series representation learning can extract representations from data with temporal dynamics and sparse labels. When labeled data are sparse but unlabeled data are abundant, contrastive learning, i.e., a framework to learn a latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Heejeong Choi , Pilsung Kang
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