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Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently gained significant interest since they enable precoding in the wave domain that comes with increased processing capability and reduced energy consumption. The study of SIMs and high…

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently emerged as an effective solution for next-generation wireless networks. A SIM comprises multiple metasurface layers that enable signal processing directly in the wave domain. Moreover,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Ahmed Magbool , Vaibhav Kumar , Marco Di Renzo , Mark F. Flanagan

Neural networks possess incredible capabilities for extracting abstract features from data. Electromagnetic computing harnesses wave propagation to execute computational operations. Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength meta-atoms, are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mehdi Bennis , Merouane Debbah , Lajos Hanzo

This paper proposes a transmit beamforming strategy for the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems enabled by the novel stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) architecture, where the base station (BS) simultaneously performs…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Shunyu Li , Fan Zhang , Tianqi Mao , Rui Na , Zhaocheng Wang , George K. Karagiannidis

Semantic communication (SemCom) powered by generative artificial intelligence enables highly efficient and reliable information transmission. However, it still necessitates the transmission of substantial amounts of data when dealing with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guojun Huang , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Dusit Niyato , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM), which consists of multiple layers of intelligent metasurfaces, is emerging as a promising solution for future wireless communication systems. In this timely context, we focus on broadcast…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Nemanja Stefan Perović , Eduard E. Bahingayi , Le-Nam Tran

A novel technology based on stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) has recently emerged. This platform involves cascading multiple metasurfaces, each acting as a digitally programmable physical layer within a diffractive neural network. SIM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 Donatella Darsena , Francesco Verde , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces have emerged as a cutting-edge technology for next-generation wireless communications that are capable of reconfiguring the wireless environment using a large number of cost-effective reflecting elements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Ahmed M. Benaya , Ali A. Nasir , Khaled M. Rabie , Daniel B. da Costa

This paper introduces a novel framework for Edge Inference (EI) that bypasses the conventional practice of treating the wireless channel as noise. We utilize Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIMs) to control wireless propagation, enabling…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Kyriakos Stylianopoulos , George C. Alexandropoulos

Semantic communication (SemCom) leveraging advanced deep learning (DL) technologies enhances the efficiency and reliability of information transmission. Emerging stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) with an electromagnetic neural network…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Guojun Huang , Jiancheng An , Zhaohui Yang , Lu Gan , Mehdi Bennis , Mérouane Debbah

To address the limited wave domain signal processing capabilities of traditional single-polarized stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) in holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) systems, which stems from limited integration…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-28 Yida Zhang , Qiuyan Liu , Hongtao Luo , Yuqi Xia , Qiang Wang

The DOA estimation method of coherent signals based on periodical coding metasurface is proposed. After periodical coding, the DOA information of incident signals in the time domain is represented as the amplitude and phase information at…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-06 Yishuo Zhao , Yan Hu , Yougen Xu

The rapid growth of wireless communications has created a significant demand for high throughput, seamless connectivity, and extremely low latency. To meet these goals, a novel technology -- stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) -- has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Xing Jia , Lu Gan , George K. Karagiannidis , Bruno Clerckx , Mehdi Bennis , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems rely on digital or hybrid digital and analog designs for beamforming against frequency-selective fading, which suffer from high hardware…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Zheao Li , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging design that consists of multiple layers of metasurfaces. A SIM enables holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) precoding in the wave domain, which results in the reduction of…

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) has emerged as a technology enabling wave domain beamforming through multiple stacked reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). SIM has been implemented so far with diagonal RIS (D-RIS), while SIM…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently emerged as a promising metasurface-based physical-layer paradigm for wireless communications, enabling wave-domain signal processing through multiple cascaded metasurface layers.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Ahmed Magbool , Vaibhav Kumar , Marco Di Renzo , Mark F. Flanagan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) extend the concept of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces by cascading multiple programmable layers, enabling advanced electromagnetic wave transformations for communication and sensing applications.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Giuseppe Pettanice , Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi , Marco Di Renzo

Although reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology for shaping the propagation environment, it consists of a single-layer structure within inherent limitations regarding the number of beam steering patterns. Based…

The deployment of Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Arrays for 6G enables radiative near-field sensing but poses significant challenges in terms of hardware complexity and interference. Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIMs) address these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Andrea Abrardo , Bartoli Giulio