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This work presents a framework for assessing whether large language models (LLMs) encode more factual knowledge in their parameters than what they express in their outputs. While a few studies hint at this possibility, none has clearly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zorik Gekhman , Eyal Ben David , Hadas Orgad , Eran Ofek , Yonatan Belinkov , Idan Szpektor , Jonathan Herzig , Roi Reichart

Although large language models (LLMs) store vast amount of knowledge in their parameters, they still have limitations in the memorization and utilization of certain knowledge, leading to undesired behaviors such as generating untruthful and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Moxin Li , Yong Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Shuaiyi Li , Wenya Xie , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua , Yang Deng

Knowledge-intensive tasks pose a significant challenge for Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Commonly adopted methods, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), often exhibit limitations when applied to such tasks. Nevertheless, there have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Albert Sawczyn , Jakub Binkowski , Piotr Bielak , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Despite their competitive performance on knowledge-intensive tasks, large language models (LLMs) still have limitations in memorizing all world knowledge especially long tail knowledge. In this paper, we study the KG-augmented language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Yike Wu , Nan Hu , Sheng Bi , Guilin Qi , Jie Ren , Anhuan Xie , Wei Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in text generation and understanding, yet their reliance on implicit, unstructured knowledge often leads to factual inaccuracies and limited interpretability. Knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Qinggang Zhang

Autoregressive large language models (LLMs) pre-trained by next token prediction are inherently proficient in generative tasks. However, their performance on knowledge-driven tasks such as factual knowledge querying remains unsatisfactory.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Peng Yu , Cheng Deng , Beiya Dai , Xinbing Wang , Ying Wen

Benchmarks play a crucial role in tracking the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and identifying their capability boundaries. However, existing benchmarks predominantly curate questions at the question level, suffering from…

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention for their superior performance in many knowledge-driven applications on the world wide web.These models are designed to train hundreds of millions or more parameters on large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Bingchen Liu , Yuanyuan Fang , Naixing Xu , Shihao Hou , Xin Li , Qian Li

Large language model (LLM) has achieved outstanding performance on various downstream tasks with its powerful natural language understanding and zero-shot capability, but LLM still suffers from knowledge limitation. Especially in scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Tiezheng Guo , Qingwen Yang , Chen Wang , Yanyi Liu , Pan Li , Jiawei Tang , Dapeng Li , Yingyou Wen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on various medical benchmarks, but their capabilities across different cognitive levels remain underexplored. Inspired by Bloom's Taxonomy, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Yuxuan Zhou , Xien Liu , Chenwei Yan , Chen Ning , Xiao Zhang , Boxun Li , Xiangling Fu , Shijin Wang , Guoping Hu , Yu Wang , Ji Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated human-level performance on a vast spectrum of natural language tasks. However, it is largely unexplored whether they can better internalize knowledge from a structured data, such as a knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Fedor Moiseev , Zhe Dong , Enrique Alfonseca , Martin Jaggi

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), which integrate language and visual cues for problem-solving, are crucial for advancing artificial general intelligence (AGI). However, current benchmarks for measuring the intelligence of MLLMs…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing (NLP) with their impressive language understanding and generation capabilities. However, their performance may be suboptimal for domain-specific tasks that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ziyang Luo , Can Xu , Pu Zhao , Xiubo Geng , Chongyang Tao , Jing Ma , Qingwei Lin , Daxin Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode substantial factual knowledge, yet measuring and systematizing this knowledge remains challenging. Converting it into structured format, for example through recursive extraction approaches such as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Luca Giordano , Simon Razniewski

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve near-human performance on standard benchmarks, their capabilities often fail to generalize to complex, real-world problems. To bridge this gap, we introduce DeepQuestion, a scalable, automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Khoramfar , Ali Ramezani , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajeri , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi , Heshaam Faili

Knowledge graphs play a vital role in numerous artificial intelligence tasks, yet they frequently face the issue of incompleteness. In this study, we explore utilizing Large Language Models (LLM) for knowledge graph completion. We consider…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Liang Yao , Jiazhen Peng , Chengsheng Mao , Yuan Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, they often struggle with complex reasoning tasks and are prone to hallucination. Recent research has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Xue Wu , Kostas Tsioutsiouliklis

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at language understanding but remain limited in knowledge-intensive domains due to hallucinations, outdated information, and limited explainability. Text-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) helps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Larissa Pusch , Alexandre Courtiol , Tim Conrad

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Zhiwei Fei , Xiaoyu Shen , Dawei Zhu , Fengzhe Zhou , Zhuo Han , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen , Zongwen Shen , Jidong Ge

Knowledge graphs (KGs) are vital for knowledge-intensive tasks and have shown promise in reducing hallucinations in large language models (LLMs). However, constructing high-quality KGs remains difficult, requiring accurate information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ruirui Chen , Weifeng Jiang , Chengwei Qin , Bo Xiong , Fiona Liausvia , Dongkyu Choi , Boon Kiat Quek