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Vector Quantization (VQ) is a well-known technique in deep learning for extracting informative discrete latent representations. VQ-embedded models have shown impressive results in a range of applications including image and speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tanmay Gautam , Reid Pryzant , Ziyi Yang , Chenguang Zhu , Somayeh Sojoudi

Recent advancements in learning Discrete Representations as opposed to continuous ones have led to state of art results in tasks that involve Language, Audio and Vision. Some latent factors such as words, phonemes and shapes are better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Iordanis Fostiropoulos

A major challenge in quantum computing is its application to large real-world datasets due to scarce quantum hardware resources. One approach to enabling tractable quantum models for such datasets involves finding low-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-11 Gaoyuan Wang , Jonathan Warrell , Prashant S. Emani , Mark Gerstein

Scalar quantization of large language models (LLMs) is fundamentally limited by information-theoretic bounds. While vector quantization (VQ) overcomes these limits by encoding blocks of parameters jointly, practical implementations must…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tycho F. A. van der Ouderaa , Mart van Baalen , Paul Whatmough , Markus Nagel

A variational autoencoder (VAE) derived from Tsallis statistics called q-VAE is proposed. In the proposed method, a standard VAE is employed to statistically extract latent space hidden in sampled data, and this latent space helps make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Taisuke Kobayashi

Vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) are discrete autoencoders that compress images into discrete tokens. However, they are difficult to train due to discretization. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Tongda Xu , Wendi Zheng , Jiajun He , Jose Miguel Hernandez-Lobato , Yan Wang , Ya-Qin Zhang , Jie Tang

Vector Quantized Variational AutoEncoders (VQ-VAEs) are designed to compress a continuous input to a discrete latent space and reconstruct it with minimal distortion. They operate by maintaining a set of vectors -- often referred to as the…

We propose an algorithm, guided variational autoencoder (Guided-VAE), that is able to learn a controllable generative model by performing latent representation disentanglement learning. The learning objective is achieved by providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Zheng Ding , Yifan Xu , Weijian Xu , Gaurav Parmar , Yang Yang , Max Welling , Zhuowen Tu

Vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) are central to models that rely on high reconstruction fidelity, from neural compression to generative pipelines. Hierarchical extensions, such as VQ-VAE2, are often credited with superior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Shirin Reyhanian , Laurenz Wiskott

Encoding videos into discrete tokens could align with text tokens to facilitate concise and unified multi-modal LLMs, yet introducing significant spatiotemporal compression compared to continuous video representation. Previous discrete…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yupeng Zhou , Zhen Li , Ziheng Ouyang , Yuming Chen , Ruoyi Du , Daquan Zhou , Bin Fu , Yihao Liu , Peng Gao , Ming-Ming Cheng , Qibin Hou

We present a Split Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder (SVQ-VAE) architecture using a split vector quantizer for NTTS, as an enhancement to the well-known Variational Autoencoder (VAE) and Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Marek Strong , Jonas Rohnke , Antonio Bonafonte , Mateusz Łajszczak , Trevor Wood

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is a powerful method for learning representations of high-dimensional data. However, VAEs can suffer from an issue known as latent variable collapse (or KL loss vanishing), where the posterior collapses to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Ruizhe Li , Xiao Li , Chenghua Lin , Matthew Collinson , Rui Mao

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key component in discrete tokenizers for image generation, but its training is often unstable due to straight-through estimation bias, one-step-behind updates, and sparse codebook gradients, which lead to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yifan Chang , Jie Qin , Limeng Qiao , Xiaofeng Wang , Zheng Zhu , Lin Ma , Xingang Wang

In recent years, the task of video prediction-forecasting future video given past video frames-has attracted attention in the research community. In this paper we propose a novel approach to this problem with Vector Quantized Variational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Jacob Walker , Ali Razavi , Aäron van den Oord

Codebook collapse is a common problem in training deep generative models with discrete representation spaces like Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAEs). We observe that the same problem arises for the alternatively designed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Gulcin Baykal , Melih Kandemir , Gozde Unal

In this paper, we explore vector quantization for acoustic unit discovery. Leveraging unlabelled data, we aim to learn discrete representations of speech that separate phonetic content from speaker-specific details. We propose two neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-20 Benjamin van Niekerk , Leanne Nortje , Herman Kamper

Learning interpretable representations of data remains a central challenge in deep learning. When training a deep generative model, the observed data are often associated with certain categorical labels, and, in parallel with learning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Yifan Xue , Michael Ding , Xinghua Lu

Vector quantised variational autoencoders (VQ-VAE) are characterised by three main components: 1) encoding visual data, 2) assigning $k$ different vectors in the so-called embedding space, and 3) decoding the learnt features. While images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Arash Akbarinia , Raquel Gil-Rodríguez , Alban Flachot , Matteo Toscani

Fair representation learning aims to encode invariant representation with respect to the protected attribute, such as gender or age. In this paper, we design Fairness-aware Disentangling Variational AutoEncoder (FD-VAE) for fair…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Sungho Park , Dohyung Kim , Sunhee Hwang , Hyeran Byun