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In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the convergence properties of Adam-family methods for nonsmooth optimization, especially in the training of nonsmooth neural networks. We introduce a novel two-timescale framework that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-20 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

L$_2$ regularization and weight decay regularization are equivalent for standard stochastic gradient descent (when rescaled by the learning rate), but as we demonstrate this is \emph{not} the case for adaptive gradient algorithms, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained increasing popularity in deep learning optimization. However, it has been observed that compared with (stochastic) gradient descent, Adam can converge to a different solution with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Difan Zou , Yuan Cao , Yuanzhi Li , Quanquan Gu

Is the standard weight decay in AdamW truly optimal? Although AdamW decouples weight decay from adaptive gradient scaling, a fundamental conflict remains: the Radial Tug-of-War. In deep learning, gradients tend to increase parameter norms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hao Chen , Jinghui Yuan , Hanmin Zhang

Adaptive gradient methods, especially Adam-type methods (such as Adam, AMSGrad, and AdaBound), have been proposed to speed up the training process with an element-wise scaling term on learning rates. However, they often generalize poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Zhou Shao , Tong Lin

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) is a cornerstone optimization algorithm in deep learning, widely recognized for its flexibility with adaptive learning rates and efficiency in handling large-scale data. However, despite its practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ruinan Jin , Xiao Li , Yaoliang Yu , Baoxiang Wang

Adaptive optimizers with decoupled weight decay, such as AdamW, are the de facto standard for pre-training large transformer-based generative models. Yet the quadratic nature of the $\ell_2$ penalty embedded in weight decay drives all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fu-Ming Guo , Yingfang Fan

Adam is a popular and widely used adaptive gradient method in deep learning, which has also received tremendous focus in theoretical research. However, most existing theoretical work primarily analyzes its full-batch version, which differs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuan Tang , Han Zhang , Yuan Cao , Difan Zou

We propose NovoGrad, an adaptive stochastic gradient descent method with layer-wise gradient normalization and decoupled weight decay. In our experiments on neural networks for image classification, speech recognition, machine translation,…

Since its invention in 2014, the Adam optimizer has received tremendous attention. On one hand, it has been widely used in deep learning and many variants have been proposed, while on the other hand their theoretical convergence property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Zhishuai Guo , Yi Xu , Wotao Yin , Rong Jin , Tianbao Yang

Adam with decoupled weight decay, also known as AdamW, is widely acclaimed for its superior performance in language modeling tasks, surpassing Adam with $\ell_2$ regularization in terms of generalization and optimization. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shuo Xie , Zhiyuan Li

Adam-type algorithms have become a preferred choice for optimisation in the deep learning setting, however, despite success, their convergence is still not well understood. To this end, we introduce a unified framework for Adam-type…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yiming Jiang , Jinlan Liu , Dongpo Xu , Danilo P. Mandic

This paper studies a class of adaptive gradient based momentum algorithms that update the search directions and learning rates simultaneously using past gradients. This class, which we refer to as the "Adam-type", includes the popular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Xiangyi Chen , Sijia Liu , Ruoyu Sun , Mingyi Hong

Deep learning methods - usually consisting of a class of deep neural networks (DNNs) trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays omnipresent in data-driven learning problems as well as in scientific…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Adam is a widely used stochastic optimization method for deep learning applications. While practitioners prefer Adam because it requires less parameter tuning, its use is problematic from a theoretical point of view since it may not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Mingrui Liu , Wei Zhang , Francesco Orabona , Tianbao Yang

Adaptive learning rate methods have been successfully applied in many fields, especially in training deep neural networks. Recent results have shown that adaptive methods with exponential increasing weights on squared past gradients (i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Hui Zhong , Zaiyi Chen , Chuan Qin , Zai Huang , Vincent W. Zheng , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen

Deep learning algorithms - typically consisting of a class of deep neural networks trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays the key ingredients in many artificial intelligence (AI) systems and have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Steffen Dereich , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen

Adam is widely adopted in practical applications due to its fast convergence. However, its theoretical analysis is still far from satisfactory. Existing convergence analyses for Adam rely on the bounded smoothness assumption, referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bohan Wang , Yushun Zhang , Huishuai Zhang , Qi Meng , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo , Wei Chen

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

Adaptive optimizers like AdamW apply uniform hyperparameters across all parameter groups, ignoring heterogeneous optimization dynamics across layers and modules. We address this limitation by proposing MetaAdamW - a new optimizer that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 JiangBo Zhao , ZhaoXin Liu
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