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Deep learning (DL) workflows demand an ever-increasing budget of compute and energy in order to achieve outsized gains. Neural architecture searches, hyperparameter sweeps, and rapid prototyping consume immense resources that can prevent…

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

Deep learning models have revolutionized various fields, from image recognition to natural language processing, by achieving unprecedented levels of accuracy. However, their increasing energy consumption has raised concerns about their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Shreyank N Gowda , Xinyue Hao , Gen Li , Shashank Narayana Gowda , Xiaobo Jin , Laura Sevilla-Lara

Computing systems are consuming an increasing and unsustainable fraction of society's energy footprint, notably in data centers. Meanwhile, energy-efficient software engineering techniques are often absent from undergraduate curricula. We…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in production, contributing towards shifting the burden in terms of computational resources and energy demands from training to inference. While prior work has examined the energy cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Julien Delavande , Regis Pierrard , Sasha Luccioni

In recent years, the issue of energy consumption in high performance computing (HPC) systems has attracted a great deal of attention. In response to this, many energy-aware algorithms have been developed in different layers of HPC systems,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-05-13 Nikzad Babaii Rizvandi

Artificial intelligence (AI) hardware is positioned to unlock revolutionary computational abilities across diverse fields ranging from fundamental science [1] to medicine [2] and environmental science [3] by leveraging advanced…

Research and usage of artificial intelligence, particularly generative and large language models, have rapidly progressed over the last years. This has, however, given rise to issues due to high energy consumption. While quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Frederik F. Flöther , Jan Mikolon , Maria Longobardi

The energy consumption of computer and communication systems does not scale linearly with the workload. A system uses a significant amount of energy even when idle or lightly loaded. A widely reported solution to resource management in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-01-13 Ashkan Paya , Dan C. Marinescu

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly pushing the limits of contemporary computing hardware. For example, training GPT-3 has been estimated to consume around 1300 MWh of electricity, and projections suggest future models may require…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Renjie Li , Wenjie Wei , Qi Xin , Xiaoli Liu , Sixuan Mao , Erik Ma , Zijian Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li , Zhaoyu Zhang

As AI capabilities and deployment accelerate toward a post-AGI era, concerns are growing about electricity demand and carbon emissions from AI computing, yet it is rarely represented explicitly in long term energy-economy-climate scenario…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Doyi Kim , Jiseok Ahn , Haewon McJeon , Changick Kim

When considering different hardware platforms, not just the time-to-solution can be of importance but also the energy necessary to reach it. This is not only the case with battery powered and mobile devices but also with high-performance…

Performance · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Philip Heinisch , Katharina Ostaszewski , Hendrik Ranocha

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has significantly increased the electricity, water, and carbon demands of modern data centers, raising sustainability concerns. This study evaluates the environmental footprint of AI server…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aadi Patel , Nikhil Mahalingam , Rusheen Patel

Cloud Computing paradigm has revolutionized IT industry and be able to offer computing as the fifth utility. With the pay-as-you-go model, cloud computing enables to offer the resources dynamically for customers anytime. Drawing the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Qiheng Zhou , Minxian Xu , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Chengxi Gao , Wenhong Tian , Chengzhong Xu , Rajkumar Buyya

For various reasons including those related to climate changes, {\em energy} has become a critical concern in all relevant activities and technical designs. For the specific case of computer activities, the problem is exacerbated with the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Roblex Nana , Claude Tadonki , Petr Dokladal , Youssef Mesri

The Information and Communication Technology sector accounted for approximately 1.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 4% of the world's electricity consumption in 2020, with both expected to rise. To reduce this environmental impact,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Benjamin Weigell , Simon Hornung , Bernhard Bauer

As research and deployment of AI grows, the computational burden to support and sustain its progress inevitably does too. To train or fine-tune state-of-the-art models in NLP, computer vision, etc., some form of AI hardware acceleration is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Dan Zhao , Siddharth Samsi , Joseph McDonald , Baolin Li , David Bestor , Michael Jones , Devesh Tiwari , Vijay Gadepally

This work offers a heuristic evaluation of the effects of variations in machine learning training regimes and learning paradigms on the energy consumption of computing, especially HPC hardware with a life-cycle aware perspective. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Daniel Geißler , Bo Zhou , Mengxi Liu , Sungho Suh , Paul Lukowicz

Energy-efficient software helps improve mobile device experiences and reduce the carbon footprint of data centers. However, energy goals are often de-prioritized in order to meet other requirements. We take inspiration from recent work…

The increasing use of machine learning (ML) models in signal processing has raised concerns about their environmental impact, particularly during resource-intensive training phases. In this study, we present a novel methodology for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Constance Douwes , Romain Serizel