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Safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) may benefit from a reliable method for assessing their generated content to determine when to abstain or to selectively generate. While likelihood-based metrics such as perplexity are widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jie Ren , Yao Zhao , Tu Vu , Peter J. Liu , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Assessing writing in large classes for formal or informal learners presents a significant challenge. Consequently, most large classes, particularly in science, rely on objective assessment tools such as multiple-choice quizzes, which have a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Chris Impey , Matthew Wenger , Nikhil Garuda , Shahriar Golchin , Sarah Stamer

Identifying logical errors in complex, incomplete or even contradictory and overall heterogeneous data like students' experimentation protocols is challenging. Recognizing the limitations of current evaluation methods, we investigate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Arne Bewersdorff , Kathrin Seßler , Armin Baur , Enkelejda Kasneci , Claudia Nerdel

Background: Over the past few decades, the process and methodology of automated question generation (AQG) have undergone significant transformations. Recent progress in generative natural language models has opened up new potential in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Dominic Lohr , Marc Berges , Abhishek Chugh , Michael Kohlhase , Dennis Müller

This study investigates the potential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to scale-up Dynamic Assessment (DA). To facilitate such an investigation, we first developed DynaWrite-a modular, microservices-based grammatical tutoring application…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Timur Jaganov , John Blake , Julián Villegas , Nicholas Carr

Abstract. Automatically generating scientific literature surveys is a valuable task that can significantly enhance research efficiency. However, the diverse and complex nature of information within a literature survey poses substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Yuxuan Lai , Yupeng Wu , Yidan Wang , Wenpeng Hu , Chen Zheng

The process of creating educational materials is both time-consuming and demanding for educators. This research explores the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) to streamline this task by automating the generation of extended reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yow-Fu Liou , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

Research suggests that tutors should adopt a strategic approach when addressing math errors made by low-efficacy students. Rather than drawing direct attention to the error, tutors should guide the students to identify and correct their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Sanjit Kakarla , Danielle Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Shivang Gupta , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Aligning test items to content standards is a critical step in test development to collect validity evidence based on content. Item alignment has typically been conducted by human experts. This judgmental process can be subjective and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yanbin Fu , Hong Jiao , Tianyi Zhou , Nan Zhang , Ming Li , Qingshu Xu , Sydney Peters , Robert W. Lissitz

Providing example sentences that are diverse and aligned with learners' proficiency levels is essential for fostering effective language acquisition. This study examines the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) to produce example…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Enrico Benedetti , Akiko Aizawa , Florian Boudin

Software testing is a crucial phase in the software life cycle, helping identify potential risks and reduce maintenance costs. With the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), researchers have proposed an increasing number of LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Quanjun Zhang , Ye Shang , Chunrong Fang , Siqi Gu , Jianyi Zhou , Zhenyu Chen

ELOQUENT is a set of shared tasks that aims to create easily testable high-level criteria for evaluating generative language models. Sensemaking is one such shared task. In Sensemaking, we try to assess how well generative models ``make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Pavel Šindelář , Ondřej Bojar

The dream of achieving a student-teacher ratio of 1:1 is closer than ever thanks to the emergence of large language models (LLMs). One potential application of these models in the educational field would be to provide feedback to students…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Marc Ballestero-Ribó , Daniel Ortiz-Martínez

Providing feedback is widely recognized as crucial for refining students' writing skills. Recent advances in language models (LMs) have made it possible to automatically generate feedback that is actionable and well-aligned with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Inderjeet Nair , Jiaye Tan , Xiaotian Su , Anne Gere , Xu Wang , Lu Wang

Academic paper review typically requires substantial time, expertise, and human resources. Large Language Models (LLMs) present a promising method for automating the review process due to their extensive training data, broad knowledge base,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chuanlei Li , Xu Hu , Minghui Xu , Kun Li , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) present an exciting opportunity for generating synthetic classroom data. Such data could include code containing a typical distribution of errors, simulated student behaviour to address the cold start problem…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Stephen MacNeil , Magdalena Rogalska , Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Arto Hellas , Xandria Crosland

Ever since Large Language Models (LLMs) and related applications have become broadly available, several studies investigated their potential for assisting educators and supporting students in higher education. LLMs such as Codex, GPT-3.5,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Imen Azaiz , Natalie Kiesler , Sven Strickroth

Testing is an integral part of the software development process. Yet, writing tests is time-consuming and therefore often neglected. Classical test generation tools such as EvoSuite generate behavioral test suites by optimizing for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Nikitha Rao , Kush Jain , Uri Alon , Claire Le Goues , Vincent J. Hellendoorn

Worked examples are step-by-step solutions to problems in a specific domain, offered to students to acquire domain-specific problem-solving skills. The effectiveness of worked examples could be enhanced by combining them with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Arun-Balajiee Lekshmi-Narayanan , Mohammad Hassany , Peter Brusilovsky

To complete an open-ended programming exercise, students need to both plan a high-level solution and implement it using the appropriate syntax. However, these problems are often autograded on the correctness of the final submission through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Mehmet Arif Demirtaş , Claire Zheng , Max Fowler , Kathryn Cunningham
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